Abstract:
Advances in battery-powered electric motor systems, lightweight materials, and aircraft design have resulted in the development of new electric aircraft that could gradually replace conventional fuel-powered aircraft for certain uses in the coming years. In addition, a whole new category of electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft has received billions of dollars of new investment, with the goal of serving an entirely new urban air mobility market that would allow for fast trips within congested metro areas. This study developed methods to estimate plausible future energy and power demand for electric aircraft operations at regional airports to determine whether the electric grid near two regional airports, Paine Field and Grant County International Airport, have the capacity to serve the potential energy (MWh) and peak power (MW) needs of electric aircraft operations over the next one to two decades. Our method has three parts: assumptions on flight operations growth, technical feasibility to serve these flights with electric aircraft, and actual adoption of electric aircraft to serve feasible trips. We found that the electric utilities serving these two airports have enough electric capacity at the neighboring substations to meet the demand for electricity over the next decade, given the capacities reported by the local utilities. Experience gained in the first decade of commercial electric aircraft deployment at these airports will help inform future analysis as to whether local grid capacity will eventually impede the growth of electric aircraft charging. Lastly, the report presents recommendations on how regional airports can prepare for electric aviation.

Authors:
MacKenzie, D., Coenen, S., Malarkey, D.

Keywords:
Electric aviation, electricity, projection, electric vertical take-off and landing, eVTOL, Paine Field, Grant County International Airport, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report aims to supplement our previous report (Yonge et al. 2016; WA-RD 816.3) that assessed copper and zinc adsorption to lignocellulosic filtration media using laboratory tests and field-scale column tests for urban stormwater remediation. The current project extends the species of wood materials that were investigated in the earlier study. We performed laboratory tests using Douglas-fir crumbles®, poplar crumbles®, tanoak crumbles®, lodgepole pine crumbles®, Ultra-char of poplar®, Ultra-char of alder®, and Ultra-char of Douglas-fir® to evaluate their ability to adsorb copper and zinc. The laboratory column test results indicated that the most efficient adsorption medium for both copper and zinc is ultra-char of poplar, followed by tanoak crumbles, poplar crumbles, ultra-char of Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir crumbles, lodgepole pine crumbles, and ultra-char of alder, in that order. However, the batch experiments showed that tanoak is the most efficient adsorption medium of the samples tested. Based on the summary results of both the column and batch experiments, among all the samples of wood crumbles and char, tanoak crumbles seem to be a better option for metal adsorption. One of the most important conclusions drawn from this project is that the surface areas of both wood crumbles and ultra-chars of different wood crumbles are highly relevant to their ability to adsorb copper and zinc. Building on our previous research, we found that surface area is a critical parameter for copper and zinc removal, and the role of functional groups is not as important as we had expected. Typically, chars have larger surface areas and fewer functional groups than wood crumbles. The presence of functional groups would favor metal adsorption when two materials share similar surface areas, which may explain the superior adsorption performance of raw wood crumbles over char that we reported in our previous report (Yonge et al. 2016).

Authors:
Chowdhury, I., Tian, Y., Shams, M., Wolcott, M., Dooley, J.

Keywords:
Stormwater, ferry terminals, filtration, copper, zinc, Washington State

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the work completed under the SHRP2 (Strategic Highway Research Program 2) Local Freight Data program. Supply chain firm interviews and truck counts were conducted to better understand the Food Distribution System in the Puget Sound area. Interviews explored key business challenges, operations, and potential responses to natural gas incentives. Truck counts were conducted at grocery stores, and observations included truck type, time of day, stop duration, and parking behavior. The report includes a description of truck activity at grocery stores, and a summary of industry responses to natural gas incentives. The research contributes to the design of future freight data collection and to the development of policy responsive freight models.

Authors:
Goodchild, A.V., Ukrainczyk, L.

Keywords:
Food distribution, freight data collection, truck trip generation, natural gas, Washington state, freight models

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has deployed advanced weather systems and products to support maintenance operations and to provide public information. The expanded system has tremendously improved the availability and quality of weather information for WSDOT crews and the traveling public. Use of current and forecast weather information has increased from nearly non-existent to an actively used, Department-wide resource. This summary report overviews the various efforts, products, and reports generated since the beginning of the road weather project.

Authors:
Senn,L.

Keywords:
availability, information systems, maintenance, public, public information, quality, Road Weather Information System, System, systems, transportation, Washington, Washington state, weather prediction, winter road maintenance, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/624.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/624.1.htm

Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and its partner agencies developed a research program to design new and retrofit culverts. The goal of this program is to identify culvert bed configurations, designs, and associated hydraulic conditions that allow successful movement of juvenile salmonids upstream, while safely passing water, sediment, and debris downstream. WSDOT, in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), constructed a culvert test bed at the WDFS's Skookumchuck Hatchery in western Washington State. Battelle conducted experiments to establish protocols for future research on bed conditions, culvert shape, etc. This technical report describes various protocols, such as time of day, duration of test, and density of test fish, and provides hydraulic and biological characterizations of a baseline culvert.

Authors:
Pearson,W. H., Richmond,M., Johnson,G., Sargeant,S. L.

Keywords:
agencies, condition, culvert, culvert passage, culvert test bed, culverts, density, design, developed, evaluation, experimental, fish, ITS, juvenile salmonid, juvenile salmonid passage, program, research, retrofit, salmonids, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wildlife, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/614.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/614.1.htm

Abstract:
This review of travel indicators in Washington State aims to understand similarities and differences between the state and the nation and to detect changes or special conditions that need to be considered in the future. The work is intended to support general transportation policies and future state-level transportation plans. None of the travel indicators reviewed strongly suggests that travel conditions in the state stand out in the national context. Two factors are prime in their association with travel demand: household income and development density. Stagnant income explains why the demand for car travel has slowed over the recent past, yet future demand for car travel may increase if the economy improves. On the other hand, demand could remain stable if development density continues to increase. Residential and population densities are positively associated with demand for modes other than single-occupancy vehicle (SOV) travel. Living in more compact residential areas and in alternative housing types, and renting versus owning a home, also relate to lower demand for SOV travel. Even at the aggregate level of national data, the Puget Sound region's transportation context differs from that of rural or other urbanized regions in the state. State policies need to recognize at least three different markets for transportation, which are found in rural, small town, and metropolitan areas. Overall, Washington State needs to stay tuned to national projections about the likely impacts on travel demand and transportation of general economic trends, the slow down in household formation, growth in car ownership among new immigrants, an aging population with changing driving patterns, and population growth in densely populated areas --where transportation systems investments and land-use policies can affect future travel behavior.

Authors:
Moudon,A. V., Rousseau,G., Sohn,D. W.

Keywords:
travel indicators, travel trends, socio-demographicfactors, land-use factors, Washington State

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/615.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/615.1.htm

Abstract:
This review of travel indicators in Washington State aims to understand similarities and differences between the state and the nation and to detect changes or special conditions that need to be considered in the future. The work is intended to support general transportation policies and future state-level transportation plans. None of the travel indicators reviewed strongly suggests that travel conditions in the state stand out in the national context. Two factors are prime in their association with travel demand: household income and development density. Stagnant income explains why the demand for car travel has slowed over the recent past, yet future demand for car travel may increase if the economy improves. On the other hand, demand could remain stable if development density continues to increase. Residential and population densities are positively associated with demand for modes other than single-occupancy vehicle (SOV) travel. Living in more compact residential areas and in alternative housing types, and renting versus owning a home, also relate to lower demand for SOV travel. Even at the aggregate level of national data, the Puget Sound region's transportation context differs from that of rural or other urbanized regions in the state. State policies need to recognize at least three different markets for transportation, which are found in rural, small town, and metropolitan areas. Overall, Washington State needs to stay tuned to national projections about the likely impacts on travel demand and transportation of general economic trends, the slow down in household formation, growth in car ownership among new immigrants, an aging population with changing driving patterns, and population growth in densely populated areas --where transportation systems investments and land-use policies can affect future travel behavior.

Authors:
Moudon,A. V., Rousseau,G., Sohn,D. W.

Keywords:
travel indicators, travel trends, socio-demographicfactors, land-use factors, Washington State

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/615.2.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/615.2.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the development of data collection methodologies that can be used to cost effectively measure truck movements along specific roadway corridors selected by transportation agencies in Washington State. The intent of this study was to design and test methodologies that could be used to measure the performance of freight mobility roadway improvement projects against benchmarks, or selected standards, that would be used both as part of the project selection process and to report on speed and volume improvements that resulted from completed freight mobility projects. One technology tested was Commercial Vehicle Information System and Networks (CVISN) electronic truck transponders, which are mounted on the windshields of approximately 20,000 trucks in Washington. By using software to link the transponder reads from sites anywhere in the state, the transponder-equipped trucks could become a travel-time probe fleet. The second technology tested involved global positioning systems (GPS) placed in volunteer trucks to collect specific truck movement data at 5-second intervals. With GPS data it was possible to understand when and where the monitored trucks experienced congestion and to generate useful performance statistics. The study found that both data collection technologies could be useful; however, the key to both technologies is whether enough instrumented vehicles pass over the roadways for which data are required. This basic condition affects whether the technologies will be effective at collecting the data required for any given benchmark project. The report also recommends the traffic data that should be collected for a benchmark program and the potential costs of using either data collection technology.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
agencies, commercial vehicle, condition, congestion, construction, corridors, cost, costs, data, data collection, design, development, freight, freight mobility, freight movement reliability, global positioning, global positioning systems, GPS, improvement, methodology, mobility, networks, performance, positioning, probe program, project, research, roadway, software, speed, statistics, Study, System, systems, technology, traffic, traffic data, transportation, travel time, truck, truck monitoring, trucks, volume, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/607.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/607.1.htm

Abstract:
University of Washington researchers developed information tools to increase the speed and efficiency of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) post-earthquake response and recovery efforts. The researchers upgraded the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN) ground-motion processing software to rapidly generate and disseminate "ShakeMaps," which are maps of earthquake intensity. The researchers also implemented two procedures to estimate the likelihood of slight (or greater) bridge damage; these procedures are based on the intensity of earthquake shaking (obtained from the ShakeMaps) and on each bridge's location, year of construction, and bridge type (obtained from the Washington State Bridge Inventory). The first procedure, developed at the University of Washington, is based on observations of bridge damage from the 2001 Nisqually earthquake. The second procedure is contained in the Federal Emergency Management Agency HAZUS software for predicting the lowest level of damage. Shortly following an earthquake, e-mail and pager alert messages will be sent to WSDOT personnel notifying them of the preliminary earthquake magnitude and epicenter. ShakeMaps and a prioritized list of bridges (ranked by likelihood of bridge damage) will be available on a Web server at the University of Washington and will be pushed to a WSDOT FTP server.

Authors:
Malone,S., Eberhard,M. O., LaBelle,J., Ranf,T.

Keywords:
bridges, damage, earthquakes, fragilities, inspection, ShakeMap, Washington, speed, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, software, earthquake, bridge, construction, management

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/602.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/602.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the results of five Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) project evaluations performed for the Washington State Department of Transportation. The projects encompass a range of devices in both urban and rural environments. Guidelines and lessons learned for planning and operating ATIS programs were then developed from the evaluation results. These observations were clustered into common themes in the areas of maintenance, rural projects, project management, staffing, training, support, and customer response. As part of this effort, a standardized evaluation approach for ATIS projects was developed. The approach was designed to focus on technical, management, and organizational lessons learned. The method was effective in producing useful information about ATIS benefits and deployment issues. Using that approach, an additional nineteen required ATIS evaluations will be performed in a second project phase. The additional evaluations will also provide an opportunity to further verify and strengthen the initial lessons learned, as well as to expand the method.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, ATIS, benefit, benefits, environment, evaluation, framework, Intelligent transportation system, ITS, maintenance, management, planning, program, project evaluation, project management, rural, training, transportation, traveler information, urban, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/606.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/606.1.htm

Abstract:
In 2003, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) initiated a research effort to develop and test a methodology for estimating congestion delay on Seattle area freeways. The initial phase of the research developed a preliminary methodology for both measuring congestion and assigning that congestion to specific lane blocking incidents. In Phase 2 of this study, that methodology was automated and extended to include an examination of the effects of incidents occurring on the shoulders of the freeway, spillback from incident-caused congestion on one freeway that affects a second freeway that feeds traffic onto the initially congested facility, special events, and weather. Because funding for this effort was extremely limited, only three corridors (with both directions analyzed independently) and two months of data were analyzed. The project found that the Phase 1 methodology works well in assigning traffic congestion that occurs in the immediate time frame and geographic location of incidents to those incidents. It also showed that this process can be automated, making the data preparation effort now the primary determinant of the cost of additional work of this kind. Unfortunately, even with the addition of shoulder incidents, special events, and weather to lane blocking events, the automated process is unable to assign a significant proportion of the non-recurring delay occurring on Seattle freeways. The detailed analysis of freeway performance showed that much of the delay caused by specific incidents occurs in places or at times removed from the incident itself. The result is that much of the observed non-recurring delay can not be assigned to specific causes by the current analytical process. New analytical procedures will need to be developed in Phase 3 of this work. The Phase 2 analysis also confirmed that the congestion effects of specific incidents and other traffic disruptions are highly dependent on the background traffic conditions at the time of the disruption. While the Phase 2 analysis did not produce all of the results desired, the additional analyses showed that the summary statistics output from the Phase 2 software are useful as input to other analytical procedures.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
congestion causes, freeway performance, traffic congestion, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, research, methodology, congestion, seattle, freeway, developed, incident, Study, effects, traffic, facilities, corridors, data, project, cost, analysis, performance, in-place, condition, statistics, software

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/619.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/619.1.htm

Abstract:
This study was conducted for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to explore both the need for and the variety of alternatives to the use of an annual application of herbicides for removing vegetation in the area immediately adjacent to the pavement edge. Our study approached these questions in two different ways, developing both a literature review and a set of interviews with people who have specific knowledge or views of these issues. We conducted interviews with three groups of people to identify issues, maintenance alternatives, and significant literature references: (1) staff at other federal, state, and county transportation agencies, (2) staff and volunteers who work with advocacy groups, and (3) researchers at academic institutions who specialize in related areas. Our literature review contains a set of citations that present related management issues and alternative practices. The abstracts for these references were included when available. To summarize what we learned from the interviews and literature sources, we developed a decision framework that could be used to guide WSDOT district maintenance staff in formulating management plans for vegetation. The decision framework differs from current practice primarily in that it begins with the assumption that maintenance of the area immediately adjacent to the pavement is not necessary unless some particular, observable condition triggers the need for such maintenance.

Authors:
Hill,K., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
agencies, Alternative, Annual, best practices, condition, counties, developed, environmental management, framework, group, herbicides, integrated vegetation management (IVM), interviews, Issues, maintenance, management, pavement, pavement edge, research, review, road ecology, roadside, roadside maintenance, roadside vegetation, Study, transportation, vegetation management, Washington, Washington state, weeds, WSDOT, Zone 1

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/621.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/621.1.htm

Abstract:
TrafficTV is a traffic and traveler information resource available on cable television (UWTV2 Channel 76). It began operation June 1, 1998, as part of the SmartTrek Operational Deployment under the name Traffic Channel. The SmartTrek evaluation of May 2001 identified several problems with Traffic Channel and recommended some improvements. This project made those changes and renamed the application TrafficTV. A series of meetings was held in June 2003. These meetings involved personnel from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Northwest Region, WSDOT Advanced Technology Branch, WSDOT Olympia office, the University of Washington's UWTV, and the UW Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Program. From these meetings came a set of recommended changes. These changes were made to TrafficTV and are documented in this report. Battelle Institute conducted a focus group in May 2004 to evaluate the resulting program. This focus group concluded that TrafficTV is a useful traveler information tool but has not had sufficient public exposure to make it widely known to the traveling public. A market penetration audit conducted by Media Audit in June and July 2004 indicated that when viewers were asked about TrafficTV, over 94,000 had seen the program within the last week. This was deemed surprisingly high, given the lack of external exposure and that viewers would have found TrafficTV only by word of mouth or by "channel surfing." Again, a conclusion of the audit was that additional exposure would make TrafficTV more valuable as a traveler information tool. As a result of the publicity recommendations, a banner has been added to the North West Region's traveler information page to alert users to the availability of TrafficTV.

Authors:
Dailey,D. J., Bradbury,J.

Keywords:
traveler information, cable TV, Intelligent transportation system, congestion information, traffic, evaluation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, intelligent transportation systems, systems, research, program, group, public

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/603.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/603.1.htm

Abstract:
This research addresses the understanding of, and need for, load spectra in future pavement design procedures and as a stepping stone toward more complete pavement design. The primary objective of this project was to develop truck axle load spectra for Washington State. To do this, axle load data collected at WIM stations throughout Washington State were used. The developed load spectra encompass the principal truck axles on the roadway network: single, tandem, and tridem. Achieving this objective allows the Washington State Department of Transportation, or any state highway agency with analogous traffic patterns, to accommodate the requirements of the 2002 Design Guide, developed through NCHRP Project 1-37A. A secondary objective of this project was to determine whether ESALs obtained from the developed load spectra are significantly different from historical values. Because the developed load spectra are transformable to ESALs, state highway agencies that decide not to use the new guide can still choose to employ the ESALs produced with the load spectra. The project concluded that the developed load spectra are reasonable. For single axles they are comparable to the 2002 Design Guide and MnROAD defaults. For tandem and tridem axles, they are slightly more conservative than defaults of the 2002 Design Guide and MnROAD, but they are still within reason. In addition, the ESALs per vehicle class associated with the developed load spectra are comparable to Washington State historical ESALs for vehicle classes 9, 10, and 13. The use of the newly developed ESALs per vehicle will generally increase design ESALs, but that increase will be due to inclusion of the less predominant vehicle classes (4, 6, 7, 8, and 11).

Authors:
Al-Yagout,M. A., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
agencies, axle, data, design, developed, development, equivalent single axel load, ESAL, highway, load spectra, pavement, pavement design, performance, project, research, roadway, single axle, traffic, transportation, truck, Washington, Washington state, weigh-in-motion, WIM

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/600.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/600.1.htm

Abstract:
This project performed extensive study and systematic research on the application of the Highway Development and Management system (HDM-4) to the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway system. Data processing, testing, calibration, and analysis were executed to provide the WSDOT with a new budget planning tool. HDM-4 flexible pavement deterioration models were calibrated with the assistance of the Washington State Pavement Management System. A method to calibrate concrete pavement distress models is proposed. This research also explored the application of HDM-4 analysis at the project, program, and strategic levels. The applications include prediction of pavement conditions during a defined analysis period, calculation of required budgets for optimal pavement conditions and maximum economic indicators, establishment of optimized work programs under varying levels of constrained budgets, and other applications for WSDOT.

Authors:
Li,J., Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Sivaneswaran,N.

Keywords:
HDM-4, models, pavement maintenance, pavement management, pavement performance, Pavement preservation, vehicle operating costs, research, highway, development, management, management system, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, data, calibration, analysis, planning, pavement, deterioration, concrete, program, applications, prediction, condition, indicators

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/588.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/588.1.htm

Abstract:
The goal of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) is to provide travelers with information that will facilitate their decisions concerning route choice, departure time, trip delay or elimination, and mode of transportation. The benefits of ATIS projects can be evaluated through field studies, simulation software, and surveys. An evaluation method called the ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS) is suggested for use by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). IDAS is a "sketch" planning tool intended for screening and prioritizing all intelligent transportation systems (ITS) projects (not just ATIS projects). The software evaluates a number of benefits. These are determined by changes attributable to the deployment of ITS in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle hours traveled (VHT), volume-capacity (v/c) ratios, and vehicle speeds throughout a given network. The IDAS evaluation depends on a number of assumptions that affect the calculations of costs and benefits. The IDAS developers recommend that these assumptions be inspected by local agencies and adjusted to better represent local conditions. The assumptions about the impacts on VMT, VHT, v/c ratios, and vehicle speed are particularly important. Consequently, suggestions are made within this report for adjustments that WSDOT should make to these default values. These values will allow the WSDOT to successfully employ IDAS for ATIS evaluation.

Authors:
Kristof,T., Lowry,M., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, agencies, analysis, Assessing, ATIS, ATIS benefits, ATIS evaluation, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, costs, Deployment, evaluation, IDAS, impact, impacts, information systems, Intelligent transportation system, intelligent transportation systems, ITS, ITS Deployment Analysis System, planning, prioritizing, project, research, software, speed, Study, survey, Surveys, System, systems, transportation, traveler information, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/597.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/597.1.htm

Abstract:
The intent of this project was to develop retroreflectivity degradation curves for roadway pavement markings. To accomplish this objective, this study utilized a vehicle-mounted Laserlux retroreflectometer to take measurements on approximately 80 test sections throughout Washington state. The resulting retroreflectivity values from roadways with similar average annual daily traffic (AADT) and environments displayed a significant amount of variability. Best-fit trendlines were extrapolated to determine when each category of paint would fall below a selected minimum threshold of 100 mcd/m2/lux and require repainting.Unfortunately, given the variability of the data observed to date, it may not be possible, even with the collection of more data, to create striping performance predictions that have a high level of statistical confidence. According to that schedule, long line painted markings should be painted at least once a year, and heavy wear, long line pavement markings should be painted at least twice a year.

Authors:
Kopf,J.

Keywords:
degradation curves, Laserlux retroreflectometer, pavement, pavement markings, retroreflectivity, roadway, Washington, Washington state, traffic, environment, data, performance, prediction, line

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/592.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/592.1.htm

Abstract:
The SR99-Spokane Street Over-crossing is located in Seattle, Washington, and was built in the late 1950s. Its construction is mostly of reinforced concrete; the reinforcement detailing is poor by modern seismic standards, particularly with respect to confinement, and the underlying soils are also weak. Furthermore, the structure contains many "outrigger bents", in which columns are displaced from their ideal locations to accommodate passage of railroad tracks beneath the structure. These outrigger bents cause significant asymmetry in the structure that could lead to unusual and undesirable seismic response. In this study, the seismic response of the structure was evaluated analytically and seismic retrofit strategies were developed and evaluated. In a companion experimental study by Washington State University (WSU), the as-existing structure was investigated by testing scale models of representative bents, and one retrofit strategy was also tested. In this report, modeling approaches are discussed in detail, and the results of evaluations of the as-existing structure as well as the retrofit strategies are presented. Some components of the structure (e.g. the deck, the already-jacketed columns and the soil-foundation-structure system) were found to be critical to an accurate determination of response and were therefore modeled in some detail. Site-specific ground motions at three different hazard levels were used. The structure was found to be vulnerable, especially to the 72- and 475-year ground motions. The knee-joints that connect the outrigger beams and columns were found to be the most critical components, and their vulnerability was shown to be influenced by the type of retrofit performed on the outrigger column. Retrofit strategies included some designed to increase the strength and ductility of the components, and some intended to reduce the demands on them.

Authors:
Inouye,B., Lehman,D. E., Stanton,J. F., Kramer,S. L.

Keywords:
columns, concrete, construction, ductility, evaluation, experimental, hazard, ITS, knee-joints, modeling, models, outriggers, reinforced concrete, reinforcement, retrofit, seattle, seismic, seismic response, soil-structure interaction, strength, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/596.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/596.1.htm

Abstract:
This research study was conducted to evaluate the in-service performance of existing guardrail end treatments and unrestrained pre-cast concrete barrier in Washington State. For a selected area of the state highway system over a one-year period, local area maintenance personnel were tasked to document incidents, including extent of damage and repair costs, into a database using NCHRP Project 22-13 methodology. Additional information (accident severity, e.g.) from police reports was gathered from the incidents and added to the database. The installation characteristics measured for Breakaway Cable Terminals (BCT) and Slotted Rail Terminals (SRT), along with the related crash data for these devices, showed overall acceptable performance when struck. Review of the incident severities, together with the displacement and damage data on struck barriers in the study area, revealed no significant difference in BCT and SRT performance. The installation, damage, and displacement characteristics examined on struck concrete barrier showed that the pin and loop connections were holding well in incidents, and the barrier displacements during incidents were within the WSDOT design specification for such systems.

Authors:
Igharo,P. O., Murphy,J., Glad,R. W.

Keywords:
performance, guardrail, Washington, Washington state, guardrail end treaments, breakaway cable terminal (BCT), roadside safety, slotted rail terminal (SRT), research, end treatment, precast concrete, concrete, concrete barrier, highway, maintenance, incident, damage, repair, costs, cost, database, methodology, accident severity, data, barriers, WSDOT, design, specification, systems

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/580.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/580.1.htm

Abstract:
More extensive use of precast concrete components, which are fabricated off-site and then connected on-site, could allow bridges to be constructed more rapidly. The increased use of precast components in bridges also promises to increase work-zone safety and reduce environmental impacts for bridges that span waterways. This report discusses precast concrete systems that have been used for rapid bridge construction outside of Washington State and evaluates whether they are suitable for use within Western Washington. The report also identifies key features that are important for successful precast concrete system applications. Information on previously used systems was gathered through an extensive review of published literature. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) design and construction engineers, precast concrete producers, and bridge contractors were also consulted to obtain their input on the positive and negative aspects of applied systems. Most applications have been used in areas of low seismic potential. By contrast, Western Washington is subject to strong earthquakes. Because precast systems contain connections, and connections are typically vulnerable to seismic loading, a qualitative evaluation of the expected seismic performance of each system was deemed necessary. The researchers identified four types of precast concrete superstructure systems: full-depth precast concrete panels, partial-depth precast concrete panels, prestressed concrete multibeam superstructures, and preconstructed composite units. The four systems appear to have acceptable seismic behavior, but there are concerns associated with constructability and durability. Precast concrete substructure systems have received much less attention than have superstructure systems. The use of precast substructure components can provide significant time savings by eliminating the time needed to erect formwork, fix steel, and cure concrete in the substructure. The success of the system depends strongly on the connections, which must hae good seismic resistance, have tolerances that allow easy assembly, and be suitable for rapid construction.

Authors:
Hieber,D. G., Wacker,J. M., Eberhard,M. O., Stanton,J. F.

Keywords:
bridge, bridges, concrete, construction, multibeam superstructures, precast concrete, precast substructures, prestressed concrete, Rapid construction, state-of-the-art, systems, safety, environmental, environmental impact, impacts, span, Washington, Washington state, applications, transportation, WSDOT, design, seismic, earthquake, seismic loading, evaluation, performance, superstructure, prestressed, seismic behavior, constructability, durability, steel, resistance

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/594.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/594.1.htm

Abstract:
The Oregon Spotted Frog is currently a federal Candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The report provides a habitat screening that biologists in Washington State can apply in the field to determine whether wetlands contain suitable habitat for the Oregon Spotted Frog. In the event that this species is listed, the application of the model will facilitate a more streamlined consultation process of transportation projects in the event of this species.

Authors:
Germaine,S. S., Consentino,B. L.

Keywords:
amphibians, Endangered species act, frogs, habitat, model, occupancy, Oregon Spotted Frog, Pacific Northwest, project, Rana pretisoa, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wetlands, wildlife

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/585.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/585.1.htm

Abstract:
This research was Phase III of field investigations carried out over 12 years at a test section in southwest Washington State in an effort to quantify the contribution of geotextile separators to the long-term performance of pavement sections. Five different geotextile separators, as well as a control (soil-only) section, were installed in a test section covering two lanes with different base course thicknesses on a low volume but heavily loaded rural highway west of Bucoda, Wash. Phase I evaluated the performance of the separators during construction. Phases II and III were conducted to evaluate the performance of the separators 5 and 12 years after construction, respectively. Field and laboratory tests were conducted on the subgrade, granular base materials, and the geotextiles as part of the effort to correlate the performance of the pavement section to the presence of the geotextile separators. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was also performed at the site as part of the effort to quantify the performance of the pavement section. The laboratory tests indicated that the geotextiles successfully performed their separation function over the 12-year period. However, the soil-only sections had a minimal amount of intermixing at the base course/subgrade interface, indicating that the separation benefits of geotextiles may not be realized under relatively thick pavement sections. Field density tests indicated that the density of the subgrade in the sections with a geotextile generally increased between construction and the first field investigation, whereas the density of the soil-only sections remained about the same. Similarly, the FWD tests showed that the most significant increase in the subgrade moduli occurred in the first few months following construction. However, the soil-only sections exhibited behavior similar to the sections with geotextiles during the FWD testing, suggesting that for the relatively thick pavement sections, incorporation of geotextiles may not have provided a significant contribution to the overall performance of the section over the 12-year period. Some of the FWD results did suggest that geotextiles might contribute to an increase in the base course modulus over time.

Authors:
Collins,B. M., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
base, behavior, benefit, benefits, construction, control, density, falling weight deflectometer, field investigations, geotextile, geotextile separators, highway, materials, moduli, pavement, pavement performance, pavement section, research, rural, separators, subgrade, tests, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, performance

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/595.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/595.1.htm

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether conditions associated with over-water structures enhance predation pressure on juvenile salmon in Puget Sound. Washington State Ferry served as model. Over-water structures for exploring these issues. This document reports bird and survey results from six north-central Puget Sound WSF terminals and paired reference sites over both \"pre\" and \"peak\" periods of outmigrating salmon fry abundance from April 1 to May 10, 2002. We conclude that potential salmon predators were slightly more abundant at WSF terminals as compared with unmodified shorelines, although large aggregations were not observed on any occasion. The spatial distribution patterns of both bird and fish predators rarely overlapped with juvenile salmon oriented in surface waters close to shore. We were unable to verify whether potential predators were more abundant during peak salmon out-migration, because salmon were available in these habitats throughout the duration of our study. We found no evidence that avian, marine mammal, or fish predators consumed more juvenile salmon near WSF terminals than along shorelines without over-water structures. Few species appeared to be targeting abundant in near-shore habitats, and we observed only two occasions in which predators (one tern Sp. One staghorn sculpin) had consumed juvenile salmon. Several hypotheses are offered as to why we did not observe elevated rates of predation on juvenile salmon in the face of their greater relative availability to predators in near-shore habitats.

Authors:
Williams,G. D., Thom,R. M., Shreffler,J. A., Southard,L., O\'Rourke,K., Sargeant,S. L., Cullinan,V. I., Moursund,R., Stamey,M.

Keywords:
Assessing, availability, condition, ferry, fish, habitat, habitats, Issues, juvenile salmon, marine, model, nearshore habitat, over-water structure, Overwater, overwater structure, overwater structures, predation, Prediation Risk, pressure, salmon, Structure-related, structures, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/573.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/573.1.htm

Abstract:
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between roadway and roadside accidentrates for Washington State highways to improve the Washington State Department of Transportation's(WSDOT) process of modeling roadway and roadside accident rates and to arrive at possible improvements in the efficiency of WSDOT's safety project programming process.The project tested the use of the seemingly unrelated regression estimation (SURE) model to modelthe roadway and roadside simultaneously. The theoretical advantage of the SURE approach is that it does not impose any a priori assumptions on the explicit linkage between roadway and roadside accident rates, and there is no theoretical support for explicit linkage, either. The data used to derive this model were from a random sample of 500 one-mile sections from the Washington State highway system. Traffic dataincluded traffic volumes, truck compositions, AADT, traffic speeds, and other relevant information.Geometric data included lane, shoulder, median, curve, and intersection information. Historical weather data such as monthly precipitation and temperature were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database.In comparing significant explanatory variables between the roadway accident rate and roadsideaccident rate models, very few variables were common. This confirms that it is preferable to specifyseparate functional forms for roadway and roadside accident rates. Empirical results indicated thatcorrelation between roadway and roadside accident rates was insignificant, indicating that efficiency gainsfrom the SURE model would be minimal. The important finding from a programming standpoint is thatjointly modeling the roadway and roadside simultaneously would not result in significant efficiencyimprovements in comparison to the current state-of-the-practice in Washington State.

Authors:
Chayanan,S., Nebergall,M., Shankar,V., Juvva,N., Ouyang,Y.

Keywords:
roadway, roadside, accident rates, safety programming, research, Washington, Washington state, highway, transportation, WSDOT, modeling, safety, regression, linkage, data, traffic, traffic data, volume, truck, speed, median, temperature, database, models

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/562.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/562.1.htm

Abstract:
This summary report presents an overview of the level of traveler usage (e.g., how many vehicles use the freeways) and travel performance (e.g., how fast they are traveling, where and how often congestion ocurs) on the principal urban freeways in the central Puget Sound area. The freeways studied in this project are managed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) using its FLOW system, a coordinated network of traffic monitoring, measuring, information dissemination, and control devices that operates on urban state and Interstate highways in the central Puget Sound region. Data presented in this report were collected by the WSDOT's freeway surveillance system. The project that led to this report is intended to meet two separate purposes: 1) to enhance WSDOT's ability to monitor and improve its traffic management efforts on Seattle-area highways, and 2) to provide useful information to the public and decision makers about the status of the freeway system's operational performance. This report is primarily intended to meet the second of these objectives. However, the software developed to assist in freeway data analysis for this project and many of the graphics presented in this report are directly applicable to the first objective.

Authors:
Avery,R. P., Ishimaru,J. M., Nee,J., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, Archived Data User Services (ADUS), congestion, congestion monitoring, control, data, flow, freeway, freeway performance, highway, information dissemination, ITS, management, monitoring, performance, public, research, surveillance, traffic, traffic management, traffic monitoring, transportation, urban, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/563.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/563.1.htm

Abstract:
An estimated 2,400 to 4,000 hydraulic structures are barriers to fish passage in Washington State. Many are culverts inadequately sized for fish Recently, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife established statewide guidelines to incorporate fish migration into culvert design by providing two approaches: stream simulation and hydraulic design. Stream simulation involves culverts to be wider than the natural channel under bank-full conditions. The hydraulic design option requires culverts to satisfy minimum depth and maximum hydraulic drop constraints ranging from 0.8 to 1.0 A and permissible velocities from 2.0 to 6.0 depending on species and culvert length. The permissible velocity criterion is to be met during fish passage design flow. A new model is presented for fish passage design flows at streams in Eastern Washington. The model is founded on two key concepts: a unique definition of fish passage design flow and an area based approach for estimating flow at ungaged streams. The fish design flow was developed by combining the concepts of allowable fish delay, established to be 3 days, with a consecutive day analysis. This design flow ensures that fish are not delayed for than 3 consecutive days during a water year. A fish passage design flow per area is assigned to previously delineated subwatersheds in Eastern Washington. Similarity relationships, derived basin characteristics, relate Geological Survey gaging stations to sub-watersheds in Eastern Washington. These relationships form the basis for a value of fish passage design flow per unit area to each sub-watershed in Eastern Washington. The percent standard error for this model was calculated as 36%. This is a significant improvement the 75% standard error calculated for the model that previously addressed fish passage design flows in Eastern Washington.

Authors:
Rowland,E. R., Hotchkiss,R. H., Barber,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, barrier, barriers, Channel, condition, culvert, design, design flows, developed, Error, fish, fish passage, flow, hydrologic models, improvement, model, modeling, structural safety, structures, survey, velocity, Washington, Washington state, wildlife

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/545.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/545.1.htm

Abstract:
The Service Patrol pilot demonstration in Seattle and Tacoma was managed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and operated by Washington State Patrol (WSP) cadets and contracted registered tow truck operators (RTTOs). Two other roving services, not funded as part of this pilot effort but included to a limited extent in this evaluation, were the roving patrol service provided by WSDOT on the SR 520 and I-90 floating bridges and the privately sponsored motor assistance vehicle from AAA's RescueVan. The evaluation examines how the similarities and differences among the different service delivery modes (e.g., the intensity of deployment, equipment choices, service delivery, costs) affect the impact of the Service Patrol operation on traffic conditions (e.g., reductions in delay) and the level of motorist satisfaction. This report also discusses feedback by the agencies participating in the Service Patrol program on institutional and operational issues that contribute to or hinder the success of the program. Operational characteristics and operating statistics are reported to convey factors that describe program effectiveness. The results of the study indicate that the use of a combination of service providers has benefits that no single provider can duplicate, and the cost implications of changing the program are small enough that any potential savings would be fairly minor. The pilot project resulted in a variety of intangible benefits, such as improved interagency coordination and cooperation, more efficient utilization of personnel, and a better understanding of each partner's roles and contributions toward congestion relief. The positive viewpoint toward the Service Patrol was uniform, regardless the service mode. Therefore, no significant changes to the existing pilot program are recommended at this time.

Authors:
Nee,J., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
service patrols, incident response time, traffic delay, traffic safety, research, seattle, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, truck, evaluation, floating bridge, bridges, bridge, costs, cost, traffic, condition, program, statistics, benefits, benefit, congestion

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Abstract:
This report clarifies the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) hotmix asphalt (HMA) statistical acceptance specification's statistical basis and how its key components influence overall specification performance and contractual pay.The WSDOT specification uses a variable sampling plan to measure in-place density, asphalt content, and aggregate gradation. Specification bands on these three quality characteristics are reasonable and consistent with typical material, sampling, testing, and construction variability. Pay is determined by calculating a percentage within limits (PWL), then applying a series of parabolic pay equations, depending on sample size.The methods used by WSDOT balance risk between the contractor and WSDOT well but result in two issues that differ from similar specifications: (1) expected pay for material produced at acceptable quality level (AQL) is greater than 1.0, and (2) WSDOT's AQL is 95 PWL but contractors seem to consistently produce material near 90 PWL The issues are not critical, and therefore, the specification should not be changed. However, if the third and final report in this series, which studies quality characteristics to be measured for Superpave design mixes, results in major recommended changes, then we recommend reviewing the AQL and pay factors to bring the specification into fine with actual practice.

Authors:
Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt concrete, HMA, hot mix asphalt, pay factor, research, specification, statistical acceptance specification, statistics, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report documents the first year results of a pooled fund study among four states (California, Minnesota, Texas, and Washington State) and describes the structure and objectives. The planned continuation of this collaboration during the next two years is described. The pooled fund project established a working relationship among the four State DOT organizations. Under this agreement, each state allocated funding to allow selected DOT personnel and university researchers to participate in a series of technical meetings. Washington acted as the lead state for this pooled fund project, and produced the minutes and other documentation.Four technical meetings were held between July 1999 and January 2000, one in each of the four participating states. The general format for these meetings included presentations from the host DOT and associated research institutions, followed by specific topics of common interest to the four states. The four states quickly identified topics of mutual interest via this process. To provide the ability to study these topics and those identified in the future, the State DOT research managers agreed to establish a management framework to continue information sharing, to plan funding commitments and assure proper oversight and management of the collaborative studies.described.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Pietz,M. D., Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
California, Consortium, framework, management, Meeting, Minnesota, objectives, pavement, project, research, Study, technology, Texas, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS) offers an organized methodology that WSDOT decision makers use to determine optimum strategies for providing and maintaining pavements in a serviceable condition over a given period of time. It also helps improve decision-making efficiency, provide feedback on the consequences of decisions, and ensure the consistency of decisions made at different management levels within WSDOT. Unfortunately, it is not possible, by simply scanning the WSPMS, to pinpoint reasons why pavement sections made of the same general surface materials and subjected to similar traffic and climatic conditions differ in performance. What the WSPMS can do is assist engineers in developing a candidate list of pavement sections with superior and inferior performance. Common characteristics that linkmultiple pavement sections are of particular interest, in part because they may reflect a common practice(e-g., nighttime construction) that leads to superior or inferior performance.This study undertook various extensive analyses and comparisons to help illustrate common attributes of Washington state pavements with superior and inferior performance. The research also reviewed field performance data for Interstate 90 within the 1999 version of the WSPMS. The purpose was to examine all pavement segments on the 480 km of Interstate 90 within Washington state.Reducing variability will allow WSDOT to produce more consistent pavement performance and will allow increasingly effective planning and forecasting. An almost certain byproduct of this increased planning effectiveness will be a more efficient allocation of available funding.

Authors:
Baker,M. J., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
Assessment, condition, construction, data, effectiveness, forecasting, management, management system, materials, methodology, pavement, pavement management, pavement performance, pavement section, pavements, performance, planning, research, superior inferior, System, traffic, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Recently, WSDOT acquired a non-nuclear, non-destructive, density measuring device manufactured by TransTech called a Pavement Quality Indicator (PQI). TransTech's PQI measures pavement density indirectly by measuring its dielectric constant. A non-nuclear gauge is advantageous because it contains no radioactive source and is therefore not subject to radiological controls, and it can obtain readings in about 5 seconds versus to 4 minutes with a nuclear gauge. Currently, TransTech is collecting data from different agencies to determine the suitability for measuring asphalt pavement density. This brief study presents density measurements from PQI and compares them with nuclear density gauge and core density measurements from three WSDOT 1998 paving projects. This evaluation was a secondary study to 1998 study Asphalt Concrete Temperature in Washington State; therefore this study's experimental design was based entirely on the Temperature study requirements, which resulted in non-random samples and multiple populations within the same sample groups. Despite these problems, results indicate that, when averaged, PQI readings compare favorably with both nuclear measurements and core measurements.

Authors:
Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Cawley,B.

Keywords:
agencies, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, control, core densities, data, density, design, evaluation, experimental, group, indicator, ITS, nuclear gauge, pavement, pavement quality, pavement quality indicator, population, project, quality, Study, temperature, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Abstract:
Increasingly, transportation professionals are using technology, known as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), to address transportation problems. This paper investigates the potential applications of ITS to safety issues on rural roadways in Washington. The most frequent type of rural crashes and their casual factors are identified from the state's Collision Report Form. The ability of ITS applications to reduce these types of crashes is then discussed.In Washington State, the factors that contribute most to rural crashes is human behavior. Some ITS applications, such as speed warning systems, may be good solutions at known hazardous locations. However, most human behavioral issues, such as inattention or poor driver judgment, cannot be directly addressed by ITS application that are currently available.In Washington, crashes due to some aspect of the roadside environment involved about one third of the vehicles. ITS offer a viable alternative to traditional engineering solutions for a number of these types of crashes by informing drivers about roadside hazards. ITS weather systems and traveler information systems in general, can indirectly improve rural safety by providing information about travel and roadway conditions. Rural intersections, work zones, and railroad crossings are other potentially hazardous areas where ITS may be useful.The final factor that contributes to a small percentage of rural crashes is the vehicle and- ITS applications may help indirectly by making trucks more compliant with safety laws and by improving the efficiency of safety inspections.ITS emergency notification systems also offer some safety benefits by mitigating some of the consequences of rural crashes.For the WSDOT, a handful of ITS safety applications have been well enough tested that they can be aggressively used as tools to reduce rural crashes. However, many more ITS safety applications, although promising, still need to be fully documented and would be best applied in this state as a demonstration of future potential. Most of these applications would warn drivers about road and roadside hazards. The greatest benefit from ITS for rural safety may come from future applications that will address rural crashes caused by human behavior. These applications will evolve from a number of the large federal research projects that are under way and are still a number of years away from providing benefits on a wide scale. Given their potential impact on rural safety, WSDOT should monitor these projects closely.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Legg,B.

Keywords:
rural accidents, rural travel, rural safety, ITS, Washington state, research

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Abstract:
This report examines the relationship between Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and safety from an urban perspective.Existing urban ITS systems are either system-level or site-level applications. System-level ITS, such as freeway management systems or traffic signal networks, address safety concerns only indirectly. These systems are designed to improve traffic flows and thus indirectly reduce collisions caused by congestion. Other system-level ITS used to increase the efficiency of transit, commercial vehicle, and emergency service operations also benefit safety indirectly. Site-level ITS applications, such as railroad/highway crossing warnings or work zone systems, are installed to directly address safety concerns. However, these applications are limited to specific locations identified as hazardous.Most urban crashes in Washington involve multiple vehicle collisions caused by driver error at locations that have not been identified as hazardous. Future ITS systems known collision avoidance systems (CAS) hold considerable promise for urban roadway safety because these in-vehicle devices will inform drivers of judgment errors and can do so at many locations along an urban roadway system.A handful of ITS applications are so well tested that they can be aggressively pursued by WSDOT as tools to reduce urban crashes. Most of these applications include the various systems, such a ramp meters and incident detection, used for freeway management. Other ITS safety applications, while promising, still need to be fully documented and are best used as demonstration applications. Most of these applications involve sensor technology used to warn drivers about road and roadside hazards at specific sites. The greatest safety benefit from ITS may come from in-vehicle collision warning systems. These applications should evolve from a number of large federal research projects and private industry initiatives that are under way. Given their potential impact on safety, WSDOT should monitor applications of these projects.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Legg,B.

Keywords:
roadway safety, ITS, urban, Washington state, research

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to provide the Washington State Department of Transportation, Aviation Division (WSDOT/AD) with the broad-based vision needed to apply new and emerging technology in geographic information systems (GIS) to aviation planning and reporting systems.The purpose of this study is to provide the Washington State Department of Transportation, Aviatior Division with the broad-based vision needed to apply new and emerging technology ir geographic information systems to aviation planning and systems. This is the second two reports. report documented the user needs, established data and application priorities, and presented a conceptual design for sharing geographic information pertaining to Washington\'s airports with airport sponsors, the Aviation Administration (FAA), and other WSDOT divisions. report provides an implementation plan. This report builds upon the conceptual design to provide a broad-based implementation plan. Three implementation activities are described in phases. Project organization and staffing requirements for policy, management, technical operations, and technical support are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 addresses the estimated resource requirements for WSDOT to make the implementation of WINGS a success. Included are requirements for personnel, data conversion from a manual to a computer-based system, and hardware. The of the report discusses issues and what next steps are required to begin the implementation of WINGS.

Authors:
Weston,R. F., Sandersen,J., Walker,L. A., Middleton,R.

Keywords:
airports, aviation, aviation planning, data, design, geographic information system, geographic information systems, GIS, implementation plan, information systems, management, manual, planning, policy, project, System, systems, technology, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WINGS, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This working paper, 'Travel Patterns in Mixed Use Neighborhoods,' summarizes Phase I of a research effort by the Innovations Unit of the Washington State Transportation Commission. The study is based on previous Innovations Unit research, described in the 1992 report, Land Use-Transportation Linkage (Kestle et al. 1992), the focus of which was the impact of land use policies on transportation systems. This working paper describes surveys conducted in four neighborhoods in the state of Washington (three in King County and one in Spokane) to gather data on travel behavior in neighborhoods that have a good mix of housing, shopping, and services; in other words, mixed use neighborhoods. The survey consisted of telephone interviews to determine household characteristics and the subsequent collection of travel diaries to assess household travel habits by mode and purpose. Preliminary results indicate the preponderance of trips for both family and personal business on both weekdays and weekends. Although auto is the dominant mode, results indicate the potential for shared rides in all neighborhoods and for the walk mode in the in-city neighborhoods. Directions for future research are suggested, including the study of the potential for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in mixed use neighborhoods; the relationships among mixed use development, household demographics, and travel behavior; the possibility of substituting walking for auto use; and methods for alleviating weekend traffic congestion based on a better understanding of the components of weekend travel.

Authors:
Zemotel,L., Nielsen,K., Rutherford,G. S., Ishimaru,J. M.

Keywords:
mixed use, research, innovation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, linkage, land use, land-use, policy, systems, survey, counties, data, travel behavior, behavior, development, walking, traffic, traffic congestion, congestion

Abstract:
Dames & Moore And their subcontractor, Inco Engineers, have prepared this Manual of Practice for conducting bridge foundation-soil interaction analyses. The manual is intended to assist engineers in the Bridge Design office at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) who perform dynamic analysis of bridge-foundation systems. The primary purpose of the manual is to present practical and accurate methods of estimating the foundation stiffness matrices for abutment or pier foundations supported on footings or piles. These matrices are needed for soil-structure interaction analysis to more accurately determine the seismic loads acting on the bridge superstructure and on the abutment and pier foundations.This Manual of Practice consists of two volumes. Volume I presents five bridge example problems:1. Coldwater Creek2. Deadwater Slough3. Ebey Slough4. Northup Way5. FHWAThe first four examples are actual WSDOT bridges and the fifth example is a fictitious bridge that appeared in a 1991 FHWA course notebook on seismic design of highway bridges.Volume II presents the input and output files of the SEISAB computer program for the dynamic soil-structure interaction analysis of bridges. The SEISAB computer program is currently used by WSDOT in the seismic design of Washington state bridges.Dames & Moore recommends the FHWA and Novak methods to estimate bridge foundation stiffness matrices. These methodologies are presented in detail in the Coldwater Creek example problem in Volume I. In this example, the basic theory and relevant equations or inputs for implementing these methodologies are provided first and are immediately followed by their application to the Coldwater Creek bridge. The appropriate equations or inputs from the FHWA and Novak methodologies presented not the Coldwater Creek example problem are identified and applied in the other four bridge example problems. Volume I also contains three appendices. The basis for the recommendation of the FHWA and Novak methods is provided in Appendix A, which is a reproduction of the 1992 Dames & Moore report to WSDOT on the evaluation of methods to estimate foundation stiffnesses. Appendix B consists of selected pages from the BMCOL 76 computer program user guide; this computer program, which computes the load-deflection and moment-rotation curves for single piles, is part of the FHWA methodology. Appendix C presents the method for transforming the foundation stiffness matrices from one coordinate system to another. This transformation process is important because the coordinate systems assumed in the FHWA and Novak methods are generally different and therefore are not necessarily the same as the SEISAB coordinate system. Coordinate transformations are also discussed in the ColdWater Creek example problem.

Authors:
Dames & Moore- Inca Engineering

Keywords:
analysis, bridge, bridge design, bridge foundation, bridges, computer, computer program, design, equations, evaluation, Foudation-Soil, foundation, foundation stiffness, highway, interaction, loads, manual, methodology, methods, piles, program, seismic, seismic design, soil-structure interaction, superstructure, System, systems, transportation, volume, Volumes I & II, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report summarizes an investigation of the technical aesthetic, and economic feasibilities of incorporating special noise barrier applications into a highway noise control program. The intent of the report is to take as a starting point the thin, vertical, reflective barrier now used in most applications. Special barrier applications are those beyond the thin vertical reflective barrier.The investigation of technical feasibility relates to the formulation of the effects of absorptive treatments, slanted tops, T-tops, and other special applications. The economic and aesthetic feasibility investigations examine the value of employing these special applications in lieu of thin, vertical, reflective barriers. The research reported on herein was performed on behalf of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The intent of the was for background studies of the effects of special treatments, so the could be in a position to implement pilot projects at a later date.

Authors:
Cohn,L. F., Harris,R. A.

Keywords:
absorption, absorptive, applications, barrier, barriers, control, highway, Insertion Loss, noise, parallel barrier, program, project, research, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This paper presents the results of a research project to determine the long-term performance of wood fibre embankments, that were constructed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) beginning in 1972. At the time of their construction, concern existed that wood fibre fills would only provide a 15 to 20 year service life.Performance of existing wood fibre fills was evaluated based on thequality of the wood fibre material, quality of the effluent, and condition ofthe pavement. A visual classification system rating the wood fibre from freshto completely decomposed was developed and used in order to establish acriteria from which all wood fibre mater.ia1 could be -rated.. Visual examinationin conjunction with laboratory tests were used as determining aspects for theeffluent quality. The WSDOT Pavement Management System was used to evaluate relative pavement performance. Site descriptions are presented giving specificcharacteristics and properties of the fills inventoried, An analysis of t h i sinformation was done to determine the effectiveness of the fills.Over half the wood fibre samples were found to be nearly fresh or freshand none w e found to be completely decomposed. In all but one case, thepavement quality over the wood fibre fills surpassed the comparative highwaysegment rating indicating the wood fill\'s performance exceeded thatof the surrounding area. Generally, the surface water in the vicinity of thewood fibre was found to be clean and pure indicating no adverse impact ofeffluent. Given the above findings, embankments constructed of wood fibre werefound to perform well over ahnost a 20. year period. Service life in excess of50 years can be expected - of wood fibre fills.

Authors:
Kilian,A. P., Ferry,C. D.

Keywords:
analysis, condition, construction, developed, effectiveness, Embankments, evaluation, impact, Leachate, management, management system, pavement, pavement management, pavement performance, pavements, performance, performance evaluation, project, quality, research, tests, transportation, Washington, Washington state, Wood fibre, WSDOT

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Abstract:
A short, one year performance evaluation was made of four crack sealing products. The products: (1) CRF manufactured by the Golden Bear Division of Witco Chemical Corporation; (2) Flex-a-Fill manufactured by Deery Oil; (3) RoadSaver 221 manufactured by Crafco Incorporated; and (4) a sand slurry mixture designed by the Washington State Department of Transportation.The two rubber-asphalt products, Flex-a-Fill and RoadSaver 221, performed better that the other two products, which used an emulsified cement as a base.

Authors:
Erickson,D. E.

Keywords:
base, crack sealing, effectiveness, emulsified asphalt, evaluation, mixture, performance, performance evaluation, Rubber-asphalt, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
In order to provide for a preload fill in an area of limited right-of-way, the Washington State Department of Transportation designed and supervised the construction of a geotextile reinforced retaining wall 12.6m (41.3 ft) high. Because the wall supported a surcharge fi11 more than5 m (16 ft.) in height and was significantly higher than any previouslyconstructed wall of i t s type, an extensive program of instrumentationof the geotextile reinforcement and measurement o f the wall movementswas instituted. The paper describes the wall design and construction,1)purpose and objectives of the instrumentation program, instrumentation . .selection and installation, and results of the monitoring. The measureddeflections and reinforcement strain were low, and overall wall performance was excellent.

Authors:
Allen,T. M., Christopher,B., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
construction, design, geotextile, Geotextiles, monitoring, objectives, performance, program, reinforcement, retaining wall, surcharge, transportation, walls, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/200/257.1.htm

Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation is conducting experimental field evaluations of selected polymer concrete thin (1/4 inch) overlays. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 24 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating construction projects as experimental features.A polymer concrete thin overlay, The Conkryl Broadcast System (methlmethacrylate), was applied to the deck of the South 154th Street Overcrossing, Bridge No. 5/523, under Contract No. 3354, SR 405 Tukwila to South Renton HOV Lanes. This bridge is a prestressed girder bridge located on the mainline I-5 at the intersection with I-405 in Seattle, Washington.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, construction, contracts, Deck, evaluation, experimental, HOV, HOV lanes, lanes, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, prestressed, project, seattle, thin overlay, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Bridge expansion joints pose a special problem in the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) bridge deck management system. These devices are subject to repeated heavy dynamic loading, and premature failure has occurred in many cases. It is WSDOT policy, as part of the Bridge Deck Management System, to make expansion joints watertight in order to reduce the potential of substructure corrosion induced by roadway deicing salts and other contaminants.Expansion joint seals play an important role in keeping expansion joints watertight. A relatively new material, Evazote 50, looks promising in its performance characteristics as an expansion joint seal. It is able to accommodate considerable joint movement, its durability and corrosion resistant properties are excellent, and it is resistant to absorption of oils and greases. The purpose of this experimental project is to gain knowledge about the material\'s effectiveness over time and to gain knowledge about field installation techniques. It was very beneficial to have the manufacturer\'s representative on the job during installation. This was required by special provision and is a practice that should be continued on future projects.In-place performance will determine acceptance of Evazote 50 for general use.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
absorption, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck rehabilitation, corrosion, Deck, durability, effectiveness, expansion joints, experimental, in-place, ITS, Joints, management, management system, performance, policy, roadway, salt, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1/4 inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as experimental features.Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1/4inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as features. The polymer concrete thin overlays were applied to the decks of the River Bridge and the Yakima River Bridge under Contract No. 3 SR 90 and SR 82, Interchange to Terrace Heights. Both bridges are steel truss bridges located on SR 82 just outside Yakima, Washington. Both the epoxy overlay and the methacrylate overlays were versatile products apply under difficult traffic control conditions. Starting and stopping the various pours to accommodate opening and closing of lanes for traffic proved satisfactory. To the extent possible, work was performed at night when traffic was light. All three lanes were then opened to traffic in the early morning to accommodate peak traffic conditions.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, condition, construction, contracts, control, Deck, Epoxy, experimental, lanes, light, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, steel, steel truss bridge, thin overlay, traffic, traffic control, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Washington State has approximately 700 bridge decks that may require a latex modified concrete (LMC) overlay in the next 12 to 15 years. The microsilica concrete overlay is seen as a possible alternative to the increasingly expensive latex modified concrete.A microsilica modified concrete overlay was placed on Bridge 5/718W in Skagit County.The bridge is a concrete box girder structure with 8,100 square feet of deck area. The ADT on this bridge is 9,150 vehicles per day.The minimum overlay thickness was 1% inches. Superplasticizer was added to the mix. The concrete was mixed in a conventional batch plant with the technical representative from the microsilica supplier providing assistance. The microsilica modified concreteoverlay was finished and cured as prescribed by WSDOTts specification for LMC overlays.The microsilica was supplied as a slurry. Force 10,000, produced by W. R. Grace and Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, was the source of the microsilica.The long-term performance evaluation of the microsilica-modified concrete will be based on a direct comparison with the LMC overlay to be constructed on Bridge 5/71SE. Both bridges are of similar construction, have the same deck area and ADT, and have existing decks with similar levels of chloride contamination. Both overlays were constructed under the same contract.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
Alternative, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, concrete additives, construction, contamination, Deck, evaluation, latex modified concrete, microsilica concrete, overlay, overlays, performance, performance evaluation, silica fume, specification, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The reported study was used to investigate clear zone practices, policies and standards that are employed both within Washington State and throughout the United State. Emphasis was placed on those standards or guidelines that apply to local city and county roadways which are predominately low volume and low speed facilities.The review of nationwide clear zone practices pointed to a need for a set of clear zone guidelines or standards that apply specifically to low volume, low speed facilities. The research also pointed to the need for guidelines or standards that could be easily applied by city or county agencies with limited staff and limited budgets.One of the findings of the research is a step by step format for agencies to use in establishing a program to address existing clear zone deficiencies.

Authors:
Carr,D. H., Curtin,J. J., Dorvel,P. E.

Keywords:
agencies, Clear zone, control zone, counties, facilities, policy, program, recovery area, research, review, roadway, speed, volume, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
A job-satisfaction and morale survey was administered to all journey-level engineering technicians and transportation engineers of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). No fewer than 745 of the 837 employees (89%) who received the questionnaires, responded. This unusually high response rate testifies to the salience of the issues covered by this survey, and this conclusion is further supported by the care with which the overwhelming majority of the questionnaires were completed.Comments about various job-related concerns were obtained in interviews with 15 supervisors, engineers, and engineering technicians in four WSDOT districts and incorporated in a 21-item questionnaire. The questionnaire also asked employees why they might consider leaving WSDOT, and how much longer they planned to stay with WSDOT. Employees were classified on the basis of their tenure, age, district, job classification, ethic identification, work assignment, and college major.The questionnaire led to the identification of six areas of satisfaction factors. These are General Satisfaction, Satisfaction with Supervisor, Satisfaction with Personnel Practices, Satisfaction with Work Environment, Satisfaction with Equity of Work Conditions, and Involvement with the Department.

Authors:
Fiedler,F. E., Murphy,S. E.

Keywords:
condition, environment, equity, interviews, job satisfaction, policy, sex, survey, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
As part of the pooled fund research project, the Washington State Department of Transportation was selected to field-test approximately 100 tons of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) to evaluate its potential as a deicing chemical with direct comparison to salt (Sodium Chloride) and Urea. Evaluation included all aspects of storage, handling, use, and performance. CMA was applied whenever necessary at each test site, using the same application rates as presently used for salt. Typical equipment consisted of front dump trucks with the spinner ahead of the rear axle, and rear discharge hopper trucks. All equipment was used without modification.The use of CMA at the beginning of a storm reduced the amount of bonding of snow to the roadway surface. This effect of keeping the roadway surface bare for longer periods of time reduced the cost of snow fighting. This was accomplished with chemical application rate of 125 Ibs. per lane mile.The addition of sand to CMA reduced the problems of dust, caking and uneven distribution. The sand provided moisture and weight to the application resulting in a smoother, more even distribution. CMA spread above was excessively dusty creating problems in the spreading and distribution. CMA is slower to react on compact snow and ice than salt or Urea. This delay in reaction time was not considered a handicap in the overall snow fighting procedure.The conclusion was that CMA shows promise as a deicing-melting chemical. The problems of dust, light-weight and brittleness need further work and may be significantly alleviated by development of a hydrated compound.

Authors:
Ernst,D. D.

Keywords:
Alternative, axle, chloride, cost, Deicing (CMA Research), development, evaluation, field test, ITS, lightweight, performance, research, roadway, salt, snow, transportation, truck, trucks, Washington, Washington state, weight

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Abstract:
This document presents a summary of Washington State Department of Transportation\\\'s experience with the 28 projects of the National Experimental and Evaluation Program (NEEP).

Authors:
Toney,C. A.

Keywords:
counties, evaluation, experimental, management, management system, microcomputer, NEEP, pavement, pavement management, program, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected ploymer concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment.The study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting field testing of several selected concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment. The Snake River Bridge at Clarkston, Washington, Bridge No. 12/915, is the first bridge of the to receive a 1/4 thin overlay. The polymer concrete used is by Polycarb. The deck was repaired and overlaid in June of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on June 8 and was completed on June 20. A total of 6,477 S.Y. of overlay was involved. Traffic was accommodated at all times on the portion of the bridge not being overlaid. Construction progressed relatively smoothly per the inspector\'s report. The material permitted the contractor flexibility in the rate of installation and in starting and stopping the work. Width of installation was varied to accommodate temporary traffic lanes. Pavement skid tests and bond tests all proved satisfactory. Ninety-one percent of the resistivity tests exceeded the minimum required by the specifications. The majority of the test points that did not meet the minimum specified occurred at the beginning of the work, where the contractor attempted to apply the material with spray that apparently did not provide accurate proportionate mix of the epoxy components. Subsequent tests and reports delamination, half-cell, chloride content, and rutting values to the original deck survey values.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, construction, contracts, Epoxy, experimental, half-cell, highway, lanes, overlay, overlays, pavement, polymer, polymer concrete, specification, specifications, survey, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1 1/4 inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as experimental features.The Grays River Bridge at Roseburg, Washington, Bridge is the second bridge of the federal aid projects to receive a thin concrete overlay. The polymer concrete used was Degadur 330, made by Degussa Company and installed by Floor. The deck was overlaid in August of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on August 4, 1986 and was completed on August 5, 1986. A total of 586 S.Y. of overlay was placed. There was no traffic on the bridge during the overlay placement. The overlay contractor had a well trained crew and the overlay placement went very smoothly. The experience showed when the different operations of primer, overlay, and sealer were sequenced so that when one layer cured out, the next operation was ready to go. Friction tests and electrical resistivity tests were all satisfactory.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, construction, contracts, experimental, friction, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, sealer, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This study investigated the feasibility of eliminating endblocks from pretensioned continuos bridge girders. The removal of endblocks is estimated to reduce girder costs by 5 to 10 percent. The girders studied were the Washington State Department of Transportation\'s \"Series 14\". These girders are characterized by 5 inch thick webs and are prestressed with both harped and straight 1/2 inch diameter grade 270 stands. Previous research had recommended the elimination of endblocks for simple span bridges. This study dealt with continuous bridges.The research consisted test and a destructive laboratory test. The field test was used identify bases for the destructive testing. \"Series14 \" girder with endblocks and \"Series 60\" girders without endblocks were instrumented with strain gages and monitored from the time they manufactured to the time thel oads were tested on the bridge. The laboratory test was performed with a balanced cantilever arrangement using two \"14\" girders without without endblocks. The joint at the support was made continuous by providing deck reinforcement in a manner similar to reinforcing details used by WSDOT. Concentrated incrementally applied at a distance of 13 ft.10 inches from the continuous support. The modified girders performed effectively under applied loads. Therefore, endblocks may be removedfrom continuous Series \"14\" girders with normal diaphragms. The study recommends that one \"Series 14\" continuous girder without endblocks be designed and monitored through the various stages ofconstruction and service in another bridge.

Authors:
Itani,R., Hiremath,G. S., Vasisth,U.

Keywords:
base, bridge, bridges, concrete, construction, cost, costs, Deck, design, diaphragms, endblocks, field test, girders, loads, prestressed, prestressed concrete, Prestressing, pretensioned, reinforcement, research, span, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the feasibility, costs and benefits of automating the vessel and crew scheduling functions of the Marine Division of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The project examined the needs of the Marine Division, reviewed its current procedures, and compared available commercial and public domain software packages. Some existing packages intended for use by the transit and airline industries offer promise, but all the packages examined require considerable modification to meet the needs of the Marine Division.

Authors:
Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, automated toll collection, automated vehicle identification, AVI, benefit, benefits, billing, cost, costs, crew scheduling, data, ferry, ferry system, ITS, marine, public, scheduling, scheduling systems, software, systems, transit, transportation, vessel, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) designed and installed Service Level 1 (SL-1) bridge rails on three treated timber bridges in the state. To date there have been no accidents or maintenance problems reported at any of the modified bridges.

Authors:
Gripne,D.

Keywords:
accidents, bridge, Bridge rail modification, bridges, maintenance, Rail for Timber Bridge, systems, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report provides estimates of the value of outputs, inputs, and markets served by elements of the transportation services industries in Washington State. This study is an extension of The Washington State Input-Output Study for 1982 by the inclusion of a detailed examination (by mode of transportation) of purchase-sales relationships.A gross flows matrix (62 x 64) direct requirements table (59 x 59) and output multiplier matrix with households endogenous are included. Impact multipliers (value added, earnings, jobs) for the transport sectors are included. The study estimates of the economic importance of the transportation industry in Washington. The model facilitates the evaluation of the impact of autonomous changes in the demand for transportation services upon the of the regional economy, and the estimation of the impacts of changes in the rest-of-the-economy upon the demand for transportation services in Washington State.

Authors:
Bourque,P. J.

Keywords:
demand, evaluation, flow, households, impact, impacts, Input-output, model, transport, transport economics, transportation, transportation service, value-added, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This research has attempted to determine the distribution of precipitation in the complex terrain of Washington State. The first part of this report examines the precipitation distribution for various large scale wind directions. It is found that there are meaningful shifts in the precipitation pattern as the large scale wind changes direction and that edge of this behavior can be useful for operational applications. The second section presents a simple numerical model of precipitation in complex terrain. Although the results are not perfect by any means, they can usefully indicate the variation precipitation in the mountains of our area. However, such a model requires at least a minicomputer to run it.

Authors:
Speers,P., Mass,C. F.

Keywords:
applications, behavior, Complex Terrain, Diagnosis, model, Precipitation, prediction, Regions, research, Washington, Washington state, wind

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Abstract:
Under FHWA Demonstration Project No. 34, \"Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks,\" a slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the ES ramp in the Woodinville Interchange during the summer of 1985. The slotted cathodic protection system involves sawing by slots longitudinally in the existing deck at one-foot centers. Platinum wire or carbon strand wire is placed in the cut slots first and then conductive polymer is filled in the slots. Electric power from a rectifier supplies current to the wire and conductive polymer. The current then flows to the top mat reinforcing steel, giving the steel protection from further corrosion. The objective of the demonstration project was to familiarize the Washington State DOT with this new technology. This objective was fulfilled. Some problem areas with the system were identified during the work:1.A more positive method of finding grounding locations from the anode to nicks, ties, etc. needs to be developed. Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. 2.The necessity for having a minimum of 112-inch cover from the bottom of the slot to the top of the needs to be resolved. 3.A better method of installing the conductive polymer needs to be developed. Hand spreading of the material from plastic bags results in sloppy work. 4.Procurement time for the rectifier needs to be shortened. 5.The project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time for on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary for sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, cathodic protection, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, corrosion, Deck, developed, flow, inspection, plastic, polymer, project, protection, reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete bridge, reinforcing, reinforcing steel, steel, steel protection, supply, System, technology, training, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Under FHWA Demonstration Project No. 34, \"Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Decks,\" a non-slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the deck of the Yakima Bridge near Yakima, Washington, in the summer of 1985. The project involved repairing deck, then fastening Raychem pre-manufactured anodes to the deck to impress current to the mat rebar. Impressing current through the concrete to the top mat steel prevents corrosion of the steel. A latex modified concrete overlay was placed over the deck anode. The objective of the demonstration project to familiarize the Washington State DOT with new technology. This objective was fulfilled. Some problem areas with the system were identified during the work: 1.A more positive method of finding electrical grounding locations from the anode to nicks, ties, etc., needs to be developed. Some ties were exposed during the scarifying operation Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. 2. An effective technique of allowing concrete trucks to drive on the anode without damaging needs to be developed. 3.An effective method needs to be developed to locate breaks in the anode as well as shorts. 4. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system. 5. Since the project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. These problems need to be overcome to obtain a better quality product.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, cathodic protection, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, corrosion, Deck, developed, inspection, latex modified concrete, overlay, project, protection, quality, reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete bridge, steel, System, technology, training, truck, trucks, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This study involved an in-depth evaluation of the Washington State Department of Transportation highway data development and analysis activities. It developed statistically-based procedures and recommendations for a streamlined highway data collection program. Opportunities to reduce manpower and equipment costs, streamline work activities, improve the quality of data collection and provide accurate and timely data for the various users were identified. Given the focus on highway data, the major effort was devoted to the Department's traffic counting program. However, many data items and programs were considered, with the following receiving particular attention: traffic volume counting, including estimation of annual average daily traffic at any location throughout the state highway system; associated seasonal, axle and growth factors; vehicle classification; truck weights; and the relationship between the statistical sampling requirements recommended for these items and those associated with the FHWA Highway Performance Monitoring System in the state.

Authors:
Ritchie,S. G., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, axle, cost, costs, data, data collection, developed, development, equipment, evaluation, highway, monitoring, performance, performance monitoring, program, quality, sampling, seasonal, Study, System, traffic, traffic counting, transportation, truck, vehicle classification, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, weights

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the begining of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT\'s initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very we1l. Although the other fourteed projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicates equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Gietz,R. H., Walter,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, benefit, benefits, construction, cost, data, evaluation, ITS, pavement, pavement performance, pavements, performance, program, project, recycling, rejuvenating agents, Study, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)/University of Washington Highway Runoff Water Quality research project, conducted from 1977 to 1982, produced a number of results of potential use to WSDOT. An effort was required to implement these results in the Department's procedures. One phase of implementation completed previously involved preparation of a guide for assessing the impacts of operating highways on aquatic ecosystems and training WSDOT personnel in its use. The present phase involved formulating decision criteria in a number of water quality problem areas of concern to WSDOT and determining the need for revisions to department documents for consistency with the research results and the new criteria. The results of this phase are presented in a two volume implementation manual and a separate document listing the suggested modifications to four existing WSDOT manuals. Volume 1 of the implementation manual state the criteria, which were developed for: 1) identification of waters potentially sensitive to impact by operating highways; 2) the use of vegetated drainage courses to treat highway runoff; 3) the use of retention/detention facilities for highway stormwater drainage; 4) disposal of ditch cleaning spoils; 5) the use of woodwaste fills for highway construction; 6) highway sanding; 7) dilution of highway runoff in a receiving water; 8) highway cleaning; and 9) stream channel modification for highway construction. Volume 2 presents the basis of each criterion listed in volume 1, including references to the research results and other literature, the rezoning followed, development of equations, etc.

Authors:
Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
environmental, highway, stormwater, water pollution, criteria, environmental impact, mitigation, Washington state, research implementation

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)/University of Washington Highway Runoff Water Quality research project, conducted from 1977 to 1982, produced a number of results of potential use to WSDOT. An effort was required to implement these results in the Department\'s procedures. One phase of implementation completed previously involved preparation of a guide for assessing the impacts of operating highways on aquatic ecosystems and training WSDOT personnel in its use. The present phase involved formulating decision criteria in a number of water quality problem areas of concern to WSDOT and determining the need for revisions to department documents for consistency with the research results and the new criteria. The results of this phase are presented in a two volume implementation manual and a separate document listing the suggested modifications to four existing WSDOT manuals. Volume 1 of the implementation manual state the criteria, which were developed for: 1) identification of waters potentially sensitive to impact by operating highways; 2) the use of vegetated drainage courses to treat highway runoff; 3) the use of retention/detention facilities for highway stormwater drainage; 4) disposal of ditch cleaning spoils; 5) the use of woodwaste fills for highway construction; 6) highway sanding; 7) dilution of highway runoff in a receiving water; 8) highway cleaning; and 9) stream channel modification for highway construction. Volume 2 presents the basis of each criterion listed in volume 1, including references to the research results and other literature, the rezoning followed, development of equations, etc.

Authors:
Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
environmental, highway, stormwater, water pollution, criteria, environmental impact, mitigation, Washington state, research implementation

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Abstract:
TThe effectiveness of Swareflex Wildlife Reflectors in reducing deer-vehicle collision rates was tested on 395 in eastern Washington State where high mortality rates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had previously been recorded. Reflectors were placed in four test sections and alternately covered and uncovered at regular intervals during the late fall to early spring period from 1981 to 1984. During this period, 52 deer were killed at night in test sections when the reflectors were covered and six deer were killed at night when the reflectors were uncovered. This difference in deer-vehicle collision rates between the covered and uncovered periods is significant indicating that the reflectors were effective on this highway

Authors:
Schafer,James, Carr,William P., Penland,Stephen

Keywords:
collision, effectiveness, highway, mortality, Odocoileus virginanus, reflector, road-kill, Swareflex, Washington, Washington state, White-tailed deer, wildlife

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Abstract:
This study was undertaken to measure and assess current transportation behavior, attitudes, and adjustments people have made or are planning to make to cope with higher costs of transportation and energy shortages. A secondary objective was to develop an effective and inexpensive system to collect a sizeable amount of multimodal data for various types of travel from a statistically reliable sample of modal data for various types of travel from a statistically reliable sample of households in the State of Washington. Telephone interviews of approximately 15 minutes in length were conducted with 2,500 households in 1980 and 2,000 homes in 1983, with both samples having a 95 percent confidence level. Residents of metropolitan, urban and rural areas were included. The households interviewed were selected by a random computer search of telephone numbers. Respondents were screened to ensure that an adult member (18 years or older) of the household was interviewed. The questionnaire dealt with the travel habits of the household rather than just the person being interviewed. Travel to work, local travel, long distance travel, recreational travel, use of public transit and other modes of travel, as well as vehicle ownership trends were topics covered in the interviews. The household's travel patterns two years prior to the interview, as well as current behavior and future plans were included. The replies to the questions indicated that people were concerned about transportation problems and were willing to provide detailed facts and opinions about their household's transportation behavior.

Authors:
Limotti,Brian, Iverson,Evan, Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
attitudes, behavior, computer, condition, cost, costs, data, data collection, Energy, energy shortages, households, interviews, multimodal, planning, public, public transit, Recreational travel, ridership, rural, Surveys, System, transit, transportation, travel, travel patterns, urban, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System(WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS designoffers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy thecounties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessaryand can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustmentswill be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutelyessential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition andthe most cost effective rehabilitation strategies.The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usageof the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability i s availablefor use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware optionsavailable to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alonecomputer system,A t r i a l demonstration is recommended, Two counties, one large with in-housecomputer f a c i l i t i e s and one small with no or minimal f a c i l i t i e s would bechosen to test the system.Significant. benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washingtoncounties desiring to improve the process o f pavement management may findadopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable.

Authors:
Kulkarni,R. B., Finn,F. N., Lamot,A.

Keywords:
benefit, benefits, computer, computer program, condition, cost, cost effective, counties, data, design, equipment, maintenance, management, management system, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement management, pavement repair, program, rehabilitation, Study, System, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The study is reported in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) The second volume contains an annotated bibliographyof significant pavement overlay literature published since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented forthe development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT.

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, Study, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report is presented in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the Final Report Sept. 15 - Dec. 15, 1983 14. Sponsoring Agency Code state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) . The second volume contains an annotated bibliography of significant pavement overlay 1iterature pub1ished since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented for the development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT,

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
agencies, design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Included is a description of what the system does in terms of the considerable amount of useful output data produced. A discussion is given on how the system was developed, what the pavement rating procedures involve and cost, what computer requirements are, and what typical data processing costs are. The report concludes with comments on how other agencies can use the Washington State Pavement Management System.

Authors:
Nelson,T. L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
agencies, computer, cost, costs, data, developed, development, Executive, Executive Summary, management, management system, pavement, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report present the final form of the Washington State Highway runoff pollutant loading model, incorporating data from the five years of study. It also features a probabilistic analysis of concentration and loading data designed to express the chance of exceeding specific values in a given case. Other topics include further assessment of the toxicity of highway runoff and its causes and mitigation.

Authors:
Little,M. L., Horner,R. R., Mar,B. W.

Keywords:
analysis, Assessment, data, highway, highway runoff, ITS, mitigation, model, pollutant loading, runoff, stormwater, Toxicity, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report examines major issues, concepts and methods of bus transit performance evaluation and suggests procedures and guidelines for internal and external monitoring in Washington State. In support of suggested procedures, data analysis on six years of operational and financial characteristics of Washington State systems, 1979-80 Section 15 data, and collected samples of small community/rural systems from other states was conducted. The major objective of the analysis was to test methodologies for developing and assessing transit peer groups\" relative to size and scale of operations, and prior to comparative within-group evaluation. The methodology entailed employing cluster analysis using up to 10 variables depicting service design and distribution. Two key variables were population and line miles. Problems were encountered in using Section 15 data. Due to its use of urban area, as opposed to service area population, clear distinctions of operating environments could not be determined. Thus, cluster groupings using Section 15 data were inconclusive. Cluster State systems (1980) were satisfactory and following additional verification, a suggested \"peer group\" classification for Washington State was recommended. The seven group types ranged in size from a rural regional (<40,000 population) to metropolitan (<1,000,00 population). Values for 8 efficiency and effectiveness indicators were used to assess \"peer group\" trends in performance in Washington over a five-year period (1976-80). Comparative evaluations of individual systems were not made. Despite only partial success in determining \"peer groups\", the study does identify methods and procedures for assisting in external and internal performance evaluation.

Authors:
Kelly,W. J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
peer group evaluation, analysis, bus, bus transit, cluster analysis, data, data collection, design, effectiveness, efficiency, environment, evaluation, group, indicator, indicators, Issues, ITS, line, methodology, methods, monitoring, Operating, performance, performance evaluation, performance measures, performance standards, population, rural, section 15 data, Study, System, systems, transit, urban, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) designed and installed Service Level 1 (SL-1) bridge rails on three treated timber bridges in the state. To date there have been no accidents or maintenance problems reported at any of the modified bridges.

Authors:
Gripne,D.

Keywords:
accidents, bridge, Bridge rail modification, bridges, maintenance, Rail for Timber Bridge, systems, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Statewide sampling of highway runoff continued through 1980-81, and the resulting data has been aggregated with that from previous years to further investigate pollutant loadings. Results have validated the solids loading model previously proposed by Asplund (1980) for Western Washington Highways and tentatively extended the model to Eastern Washington. Loading of there pollutants can be predicted from total suspended solids loading using ratios derived from the data. These ratios may be taken as constants at any Washington State location for some pollutants or as linear functions of traffic or other contaminants. Comparison of runoff from a sulfur-extended asphalt pavement with runoff elsewhere indicates higher sulfate loads in the former case. A limited sampling program along an uncurbed highway section observed higher pollutant concentrations from these sections to curbed areas. Sampling of solids adhering to the undercarriage of automobiles produced widely varying results but suggested that vehicles traveling on rural or unpaved roads accumulate significant amounts of solids that can be released on highways. The final year of field sampling will concentrate on improving the loading models, especially for Eastern Washington application, and continuing the sulfur extended asphalt study with a functional control site experiencing the same conditions.

Authors:
Tai Wik,David Chui, Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt pavement, Concentrations, condition, control, data, extended asphalt, highway, highway runoff, Highways, loads, model, models, pavement, pollutant loading, Pollutants, program, runoff, rural, sampling, statistical analysis, sulfur, suspended solids, traffic, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Act of 1980 have partially set aside decades of rigid regulations of interstate freight movement. These actions have the potential to bring forth significant changes to the networks of interstate freight transportation. The object of this research was to ascertain the impacts of deregulation of the Washington State transportation system. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Anticipated impacts, e.g. accelerated rail abandonment or lost of motor carrier service to small communities were not present. The study reflects a relative increase in truck service and decrease in rail service since deregulation. Indications are this may be further amplified in certain regions of the state. The study recommends that potential highway impacts be incorporated into pavement management systems. Transportation officials are enjoined to treat issues relative to truck size and weight, highway cost allocation and deregulation as a single issue. Also, the Local Rail Service Assistance Program should be considered for use to offset any adverse impacts resulting from deregulation. During this period of the study, general economic conditions were poor. This resulted in a decrease in freight shipments and would suggest that some impacts of deregulation have been suppressed.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
condition, cost, Deregulation, freight, highway, highway impacts, impact, impacts, management, management system, management systems, motor carrier, networks, pavement, pavement management, pavement management systems, program, rail service, railroads, regulation, research, System, systems, transportation, truck, trucking, trucks, Washington, Washington state, weight

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Abstract:
This small car accident study investigated accidents in Washington State in four passenger car categories: subcompact, compact intermediate, and large. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects on safety of increases in the number of smaller cars on the highways. Traffic accident data for the period 1973-79 were analyzed to determine the accident severity for the different automobile classes, and this analysis showed that the smaller vehicles had a higher proportion of fatal and injury accidents that the other categories.The, accident data for 1980 were used to compare accident experience with regard to injury class of the occupants, roadway surface conditions, roadway character, light conditions, collision type, objects struck, and location of accident. Analysis showed that for total accidents per one thousand registered vehicles, the large cars had a higher rate (68) than either the subcompacts (43), compacts (45), or intermediate size vehicles (46). However, the subcompacts and compacts had higher percentages of fatalities and serious injuries to their occupants, and a higher proportion of such accidents occurred on wet, snowy, and icy surfaces. In addition, the smaller passenger vehicles had a higher incidence of overturning and rear-end accidents. The analysis suggests there will be significant increases in fatal and injury accidents in future years as the number of smaller vehicles increases. Thus, the report contains recommendations for changes in highway and vehicle design that will modify these adverse trends and reduce injuries and fatalities among drivers and passengers.Some of the recommendations can be implemented fairly quickly, but others will take longer. However, until changes are made, the accident severity for small cars will continue at a level above that for larger automobiles.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division

Keywords:
accident severity, accidents, analysis, collision, condition, data, design, highway, Highways, light, overturning, roadway, safety, Study, traffic, traffic accident data, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The impacts of storm water runoff from Washington State freeways on aquatic ecosystems were investigated through a series of bioassays utilizing algae, zooplankton and fish.Algae and zooplankton were adversely affected by the soluble fraction of the runoff, while suspended solids caused high mortalities of rainbowtrout fry . In addition,. BOD 5 values similar to those reported in the storm water literature were measured; however, there were indications that results were influenced by toxicity to microbial populations.

Authors:
Portele,G., Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R., Welch,Eugene

Keywords:
Algae, Biochemical Oxygen, Biomass, control, Demand, fish, freeway, heavy metals, highway, highway runoff, impact, impacts, Interim, metals, population, runoff, stormwater, suspended solids, Toxicity, transport, Washington, Washington state, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring, zooplankton

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement management are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system.The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data from pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and time to fix. The network-level program then summarized the need work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Mean are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or minimum acceptable levels of average pavement condition.It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities applied to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement system developed by staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system. The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and of fix. The network-level program then the needed work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Means are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or acceptable levels of average pavement condition It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities apply to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, cost effective, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
A highway storm water runoff pollutant loading. model has been developed based on results from con3posire sampling of approximately 600 storms at nine locations in the State of Washington over five years. The model expresses total suspended solids (TSS) loading in proportion to the product of highway segment length, average runoff coefficient, and vehicles traveling during storm periods. It was dem-onstrated that loadings of contaminants such as chemical oxygen demand, nutrients and trace metals could be estimated from TSS loadings using ratios derived from the data, The model described was developed and validated for assessing total loadings over a time span encompassing a number of storms (monthly or annually). To predict pollutant concentrations and loadings in runoff from a given storm, cumulative distributions were plotted and analyzed to determine the probability of exceeding specific concentration and loading values in a given case. Bioassay studies using highway runoff indicated toxicity to aquatic life when elevated metals deposition from high traffic volumes (in excess of 10,000 -20,000 vehicles per day) or high metals concentrations in rainfall caused runoff concentrations to exceed lethal levels. Draining highway runoff through grass channels 60 meters in length greatly reduced TSS and metals concentrations and the consequent toxic effects. The major product of this research is a guide to assessing and mitigating the impacts of highway runoff to receiving waters.

Authors:
Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R., Spyridakis,D. E., Welch,E. B.

Keywords:
Assessment, Channel, Chemical, Concentrations, data, demand, deposition, developed, highway, highway runoff, impact, impacts, Loadings, Highway runoff, metals, mitigation, model, models, pollutant loading, Pollutants, quality, rainfall, research, runoff, sampling, span, stormwater, suspended solids, Toxicity, traffic, traffic volumes, volume, Washington, Washington state, water quality

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Abstract:
The purpose of the report is to present major concepts of transit performance evaluation and suggest procedures and guidelines for internal and external performance monitoring in Washington State.

Authors:
Kelly,W. J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
bus transportation, data collection and analysis, evaluation, Interim, methodology, monitoring, performance, performance evaluation, performance measures, performance monitoring, System, transit, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
In high growth areas, highways frequently become congested as the result of land use changes. Local use controls have not prevented the adverse impacts. Further, state funds are inadequate to address the critical problems in growth areas. This study investigates six study areas in Washington compare land use change impacts and the effectiveness of the various procedures applied to prevent or correct such problems and to fund highway improvements in growth areas. A survey of practice in other states provides information concerning their approaches to the problem. The study concludes that comprehensive land use planning supported by inter-agency cooperation has been ted. Local governments have applied a number of innovative techniques for financing local roads and streets. Cooperative interagency planning before growth is out of control has benefited both the local jurisdiction and the state. However, state and local jurisdictions lack the authority to apply these techniques to state highways in Washington State. The study makes recommendations for increasing interagency cooperation and for legislative remedies.

Authors:
Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
control, effectiveness, facilities, highway, highway financing, Highways, impact, impacts, improvement, Interagency planning, land use, land use controls, land use planning, land-use, land-use/transportation planning, local government, mitigation, planning, planning coordination, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The research study identifies the types and amounts of recreational travel in Washington State, assess the impact of gasoline supply and price, investigates the attitudes of local and out-of-state travelers regarding travel in the past, present and future. The future includes a gasoline price scenario. The study also addresses the reasons for change in recreational travel behavior and provides recommendations to minimize the adverse effects of gasoline prices on recreational travel.

Authors:
Hamstra,Thomas, Motoyoshi,Paul

Keywords:
attitudes, behavior, impact, Recreational travel, Recreational Travel Modes, research, Study, travel, travel behavior, Trip Distance, Trip Duration, Trip Frequency, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This is an interim report that examines the potential impacts in Washington State resulting from the adoption of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Rail Act of 1980. Adoption of the two have set aside years of rigid regulation of interstate freight movement and granted new latitudes of freedom to shippers and transportation providers. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Initial indications are the impacts resulting from deregulation have been slow to emerge due to suppressed economic conditions. The study projects that as economic conditions improve and principles have time to adjust to the new laws, discernable impacts will occur.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
condition, Deregulation, freight, impact, impacts, Interim, motor carrier, project, railroads, regulation, transportation, truck, trucking, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at two test sites near Pullman, Washington. One site was on an existing state highway and the other made use of the Washington State University Test Track. The report includes the preliminary mix designs, pavement thickness determination, construction details and initial performance data for the test pavements. A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Christensen,D. R., Terrel,R.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, pavement performance, pavements, performance, Study, sulfur, test track, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Mass balances conducted on soils adjacent to highways indicated low mobility of metals deposited on well-vegetated surfaces. Grass drainage channels were shown to effectively capture and retain metals (e.g. a 60 m channel removed 80 percent of the original Pb concentration). Mud or paved channels, however, demonstrated little or no ability to remove metals from runoff. Metal release studies suggested that acid precipitation could release metals bound in the soil, especially where low buffering capacity exists.

Authors:
Wang,T. S., Spyridakis,D. E., Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
capture, deposition, drainage, embankment, Embankments, heavy metals, highway, Highways, impact, impacts, metals, mobility, overland flow, quality, runoff, soil, transport, Washington state, Water pollutants, water quality

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Abstract:
A total of 241 storm events were sampled at ten sites during the first full year of statewide monitoring of highway runoff. Analyses of these data indicates that more than half of the observed solids in this runoff is traced to sanding operations. The total solids loading at each side-was correlated with traffic during the storm. The ratio of other pollutants to solids was linear when there was sufficient traffic-generated pollutants to saturate the available solids.

Authors:
Asplund,Randy L., Ferguson,John F., Mar,B. W.

Keywords:
data, highway, highway runoff, models, monitoring, Pollutants, runoff, traffic, Washington, Washington state, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring

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Abstract:
The pavement structure of SR 12 between Montesano and Elma, Washington was evaluated for the proposed heavy loads associated with construction of the Satsop power plant. Information used in evaluating SR-12 resulted from two sources which included field studies conducted by the Washington State Department of Transportation and development of various material strength parameters by the University of Washington. These data were used to model the pavement structure as a layered elastic system. By use of this analysis procedure, the stresses, strains, and deflections were estimated for the expected range of loading conditions. The results indicate that the most probable amount of damage (fatigue and rutting) expected for the non-cement treated base structural sections is less that one to two percent of available pavement life for the "expected" loading condition. An increase in either or both the trailer wheel load and pavement temperature will act to produce greater losses in pavement life. It is estimated that the tensile stresses in the cement treated base may exceed the tensile strength of this material.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Tsunetta,Jerrold Y., Terrel,Ronald L.

Keywords:
analysis, base, condition, construction, damage, data, development, fatigue, highway, loads, materials, model, pavement, Pavement Evaluation, Materials Characterization, Layered Elastic System, Failure Criteria, Heavy Loads, pavement life, pavement temperature, strains, strength, stresses, System, temperature, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wheel load

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Abstract:
The Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since July 1975 in order to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain Passes and adjacent territory . Historically, avalanche forecasting in the Cascade Mountains has been done locally on an area-by-area basis by Highway Department personnel and by Forest Rangers and professional ski patrolmen at individual ski areas. This project explored the possibilities of improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by WSDOT during winter operations in the mountain passes and, secondarily, explored the usefulness of anarea-wide forecasting service to other, cooperating agencies. The aim of this work has been to establish the technical and administrative framework for an operational, on-going mountain weather and avalanche forecasting service for Western Washington under the joint support of interested public agencies. This aim has been achieved in autumn 1978 by the operation of an avalanche forecasting office administered by the US Forest Service, housed by the National Weather Service, and supported by WSDT, with additional peripheral support from both the public and private sectors. Previous reports published by the project include: Interim Report, June 1976 (Report No. 23.2); Final Report, June 1977 (Report No. 23.3)Implementation Report, December 1978, which will be published in Spring 1979If you would like to obtain copies of any of these reports, contact WSDOT Public Transportation and Planning Division in Olympia (SCAN 234-61 49) or the Avalanche Research Office on SCAN 323-7180 or Write Avalanche Research,Department of Atmospheric Sciences AK-40, University of Washington, Seattle,Phil Taylor, Research Engineer, has done an outstanding job of developing much of this equipment and devising methods of operation. He is, unfortunately, no longer with the University. He will be working in Autumn 1978 with the US Forest Service as a consultant in addition to his continuing work with the US Geological Survey. This Operating Manual is intended to be an informational document with limited distribution and its format reflects that informality.

Authors:
University of Washington

Keywords:
agencies, avalanche, avalanche forecasting, developed, effectiveness, equipment, forecasting, framework, hazard, highway, Interim, ITS, manual, methods, Operating, planning, project, public, research, survey, transportation, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
The Alternate Methods of Avalanche control project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since August 1974 in order to develop simple, reliable and repeatable methods of triggering avalanche release which are free from the storage, handling and availability problems of explosives and artillery shells and which can be readily applied to avalanche paths typical to many smaller ones causing hazards for highways.The Alternate Methods of Avalanche Control project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since August 1974 in order to develop simple, reliable and repeatable methods of triggering avalanche release which are free from the storage, and availability problems of explosives and artillery and which can readily be applied to avalanche paths typical of the many ones causing frequent hazards for highways. The research involved tests in both Washington and Colorado to permit evaluation of the control methods in diverse climates and snow conditions, leading to more generally applicable results than could be obtained at a single site. The technical and scientific aspects of the work in Colorado were coordinated by the San Juan Avalanche Project of the University of Colorado. Field work in Washington state and the general supervision of the program and the engineering design were carried out by the University of Washington Geophysics Program. The U.S. Forest Service at Utah, also joined in a cooperative test of our methods and equipment. This Final Report describes the tests and the results of the entire project.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Bell,D. B., Johnson,J. B., Lindsay,R. W., Sackett,E. M.

Keywords:
availability, avalanche, snow, weather, stress waves, condition, control, design, equipment, evaluation, hazard, highway, Highways, program, research, tests, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Velocity and nutrient studies at 12 sites in Western Washington streams indicated that 50 cm/sec is the critical average current velocity where the productive base of the food web is impacted. Swiftly flowing streams rich in nutrients should not be slowed to this value, and slowly flowing streams should not be altered to have velocities greater than this value.

Authors:
Horner,R. R., Welch,E. B.

Keywords:
base, velocity, nutrients, streams, Washington State, Aquatic Ecosystem, Periphyton, Washington

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Abstract:
A photogrammetric monitoring method of structural deformation has been developed during the course of this project. The Gabion Wall which is part of the I-90 project has been used as the site for practical tests of the theorectical development. The monitoring consists of photographing the structure from three camera stations with KA-2 f=24" camera. The camera has been modified to a plate camera to provide the maxium accuracy.The methodology consists of the geodetic determination of the camera location and the orientation and photogrammetric determination of targets (natural and artificial) on the structure. During the course of this project more than 100 target locations were determined by three dimensional coordinates. the maximum error was found to be + 3/4 inch; the average, 1/2 inch. This represents a relative accuracy of from 1/58,00 to 1/120,00 of the photographic distance.Using the actual construction site for research has permitted immediate implementation. The instrumentation as well as the methodology along with the computer program has been transmitted to the Washington State Highway Department and their Photogrammetric Branch has been assisted in the implementation.

Authors:
Veress,S. A., Flint,E. E., Sun,L. L., Jinina,C.

Keywords:
camera, computer, computer program, construction, developed, development, Error, Gabion, highway, methodology, monitoring, Photogrammetry, Gabion Wall, deflection, camera stations, orientation matrices, space intersection space resection, program, project, research, tests, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report reviews the second year of work on the Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways project Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting (WSDH Agreement Y-1700) to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain passes and adjacent area. The possibilities and techniques for improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by WSDH during winter operation in the mountain passes were further explored, and, secondarily, the usefulness of an area wide forecasting service to other cooperating agencies. This report defines and significant changes from the first year of operation in collection, assimilation or transmission of snow, weather and avalanche data by the Forecasting Office, and details modifications of the data network itself, especially new instrumentation and telemetry equipment . Weather and avalanche forecasting accuracy and reliability are assessed by comparing daily weather and avalanche forecasts with file d data. The conceptual framework and analytical methods used by forecasters to deduce current and probable future avalanche activity from the available data network input and current and extrapolated meteorological data are presented. A general preliminary guide to forecasting methodology for the Washington Cascades is defined and discussed.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Moore,M. B., Reanier,F. W., Sackett,E. M.

Keywords:
agencies, avalanche, avalanche forecasting, snow, weather, data, effectiveness, equipment, forecasting, framework, hazard, highway, Highways, methodology, methods, project, reliability, review, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
As part of their continuing effort to prolong the life of existing pavement systems, highway engineers must continue to improve upon design and rehabilitation methods. In past years, design methods based upon empericism have been employed with considerable success. As loading and materials change or become more complex, the older practices become less useful and a new approach undertaken. Throughout the U.S. and elsewhere, there has been emerging new technology often termed " rational " , "systematic", "mechanistic", and other terms used to describe new approaches to pavement analysis and design. Mostof these are based on elastic or viscoelastic layered representation of the pavement structure and have the potential to become powerful tools for the highway engineer. In recent years, the University of Washington has assisted the Washington State Highway Department on various research projects . One project resulted in a report that has been used to develop guidelines for allowable truck traffic through the concept of pavement damage and/or remaining life . The basis forth is report was the concept that pavement structures can be reasonably well represented by elastic layered systems. Analysis of the mechanistic behavior can then be used to predict pavement response and l i f e expectancy. As a result of this study and after discussions with Highway Department personnel, it was determined that the procedures, techniques, as well as other information used in the above report may be of further interest to them. In other words, the methods as well as results had potential utilization in a wide range of applications . As a result , a seminar program was set up whereby the writer would conduct or lead weekly discussion sessions on key topics.

Authors:
Terrel,R. L.

Keywords:
analysis, applications, behavior, damage, design, highway, materials, mechanistic, pavement, pavement damage, program, rehabilitation, remaining life, research, seminar, structures, systems, technology, traffic, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the first year of activity under Washington State Department of Highways project Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting (Agreement Y-1700) to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain Passes and adjacent territory . This project explores thepossibilities of improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by the WSDH during winter operations in the mountain passes, and, secondarily, explores the usefulness of an area-wide forecasting service to other, cooperating agencies. The eventual aim of this work is to establish thetechnical and administrative framework for an operational, on-going mountain weather and avalanche forecasting service for Western Washington under the joint support of interested public agencies.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Moore,M. B., Reanier,F. W.

Keywords:
agencies, avalanche, avalanche forecasting, snow, weather, effectiveness, forecasting, framework, hazard, highway, highways, Interim, project, public, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
At the request of the Washington State Department of Highways a study was conducted to evaluate three computer models specifically designed to predict carbon monoxide concentration at receptor points along roadways. The models were evaluated on their ability to predict values obtained from a monitoring network established along various roadways in the State of Washington. Monitoring consisted of 12 ground level CO stations, meteorological stations and traffic counters. Traffic speeds were sampled for conformity during peak hours. The final selected models, CALINE and EPA's HIWAY were given calibration factors to be used when calculating Receptor Concentrations for Impact Assessments.

Authors:
Badgley,Franklin, Rossana,T. August, Alsid,Hal F., Lutrick,David

Keywords:
air pollution, air quality, Assessment, calibration, carbon monoxide, computer, Computer Modelin, Concentrations, highway, Highways, impact, model, models, monitoring, quality, roadway, speed, traffic, Transportation Pollution Source, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Tests were conducted on various pavements t o investigate the correlation between measurements obtained using the Impulse Index Computer and pavement condition as determined by other means. Benkelman Beam deflection measurements and Impulse Index measurements are compared along with Washington State Pavement Rating System results. Effect of temperature on the apparent Impulse Index is evaluated..

Authors:
Brands,F., Cook,C. J.

Keywords:
Benkleman beam, computer, condition, Deflection test, impulse index, impulse testing, index, pavement, pavement condition, pavement deflection, pavement evaluation, pavement maintenance, pavements, systems, temperature, tests, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This research project was to evaluate the different variables in photogrammetric practice, which include targeting, film and development process, camera platform and achievable accuracy.Design criteria and standards have been established, which include the manufacturing of camera suspension for helicopter from both a theoretical and practical point of view. The testing of these standards and design criteria includes a large number of data. Thus, they have a high statistical probability of being correct. The project has proved that an all-time photography is possible with the proper selection of camera platform, and that the use of very low flight photography will enable the Highway Department to extend the use of photogrammetric measurement.

Authors:
Takamoto,T.

Keywords:
camera, criteria, data, design, design criteria, development, highway, Highways, research, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This present compilation of avalanche paths affecting Washington State highways extends in the same format the information published in 1971 as the North Cascades Highway Avalanche Atlas. Part 11, in preparation, will cover Stevens Pass and Tumwater Canyon.The North Cascades Highway Atlas was prepared on the basis of extensive aerial and ground reconnaissance in a hitherto inaccessible wilderness area where no previous record of avalanche occurrence was available. Compilation for the Cascades Passes has proceeded on the same basis, with the added advantage that all of the areas in question have long been traversed by highways for which considerable historical records exist . It is necessary, though, to note that such a record has proven to be less advantageous than might be expected. In the case of the North Cascades Highway, identification of avalanche paths was based on objective appraisal of terrain and vegetation patterns, leading to an accurate and highly consistent compilation. In the present Cascade Passes Atlas, there are many instances where objective evidence and historical accounts fail to agree. Moreover, the nomenclature, rather than being assigned consistently, has developed -- ad hoc over the years and varies with individuals and agencies . These conflicts have been resolved in the final editing of this Atlas according to the best available evidence, but in some cases necessarily in an arbitrary fashion. The Snoqualmie Pass section of this Atlas includes reproductions of sketches prepared by the Department of Highways for use in recording avalanche occurrences. These sketches are included here to illustrate this mode of avalanche recording, since it is a valuable method for systematically accumulating an historical record of avalanche frequency and behavior.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C. B., Evans,R. J.

Keywords:
account, agencies, Atlas, avalanche, behavior, Cascade, developed, highway, Highways, North, North Cascade, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This study was conducted to collect data on the operational characteristics of highway, snow, and studded snow tires and other winter traction aids. The objective of the study was to perform various vehicle maneuvers to evaluate the tire characteristics on wet and dry pavement surfaces. Tests took place on the Washington State Patrol Driver Training Course at Sanderson Field, located west of Shelton, Washington. The testing was done with the cooperation of the Washington State Patrol who furnished personnel and equipment to assist in this research effort.This test maneuvers evaluated during the study are as follows:Test No. 1 Maneuvering (Serpentine Course)Test No. 2 Hairpin CurveTest No. 3 High Speed Lane ChangeTest No. 4 Locked-Wheel StopIn addition to the three types described above, other new traction type products and tires were evaluated. These consisted of studded snow tires with "Norfin" studs, and Garnet impregnated snow tires. Studded tires on all four wheels were also evaluated, at the request of the Washington State Patrol. This combination is used by Troopers assigned to mountain highway passes and areas where there is a large buildup of snow and ice during the winter. This report consists of two areas of evaluation. One involves tire combinations (front and rear) and the other is the evaluation of individual tire types. In addition to these two areas, a separate section is devoted to the tire and vehicle characteristics of Washington State Patrol's vehicle when compared with a Department of Highway's Motor Pool Vehicle. Included also is the test vehicles' description.

Authors:
Toney,Carl A.

Keywords:
data, equipment, evaluation, highway, No Keywords found in report, pavement, pavement surface, research, snow, speed, studded tire, studded tires, studs, tests, tire, tires, traction, training, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from the analyses of data which were collected during the performance of Phase I and Phase of this project. The data were at the A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility which is operated by Washington State University and is located in Pullman, Washington. Regression analyses were formed in order to relate various factors to each other. The factors used in the analyses included stud type, stud protrusion, speed, air temperature, pavement temperature, environmental conditions, stud hardness and tread depth. The purpose was to evaluate the relative importance of these factors pavement wear. It was found that the type of overlay, the type of stud and the protrusion length were the most important factors affecting pavement wear under Test conditions. The other factors could not be sufficiently isolated to determine their relative importance. Average wear rates were calculated for the different types of pavements and by the different stud types. A formula was developed which can be used to calculate pavement life under certain conditions. The results obtained for Phase I and Phase were compared and the difference in these results is discussed. Some of the difference was due to the different between the two phases A comparison with other associated research was madeA striping paint study was made and the results are in this report.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
condition, data, developed, environmental, facilities, overlay, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavement life, pavement temperature, pavements, performance, project, regression, repair, research, speed, striping, striping paints, Studded, studded tire, Study, temperature, tire, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Federal and State laws require highway departments to prepare statements assessing the impact that proposed highway improvements or construction may have on the environment. An important consideration in the preparation of an impact statement is the anticipated effect the proposed activity will have on air quality since highway transportation is a source of several major air pollutants: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and photochemical oxidants which are formed in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight. Comprehensive physical studies to predict the air quality impact at proposed sites are generally prohibitive due to the time required to obtain suitable data, the cost of such studies and the number of impact statements that must be considered by most highway departments.Methods have been developed to predict the air quality impact of new highway construction through the use of mathematical atmospheric diffusion models. Once they are properly calibrated these models can be used to test alternative locations and designs. Basically models use meteorological conditions and emission rates to predict downwind concentrations as illustrated in Figure 1.The principal objective of this research project has been to conduct a search of the literature to identify state-of-the-art air quality predictive schemes applicable to motor vehicle transportation. The available models have been analyzed in detail and evaluated in terms of selected characteristics that serve to describe the predictive capabilities of each. Limitations in the models have also been noted where appropriate.Section 2.0 o f this report describes the methods used in conducting the research. Sections 3.0 and 4.0 present the models analyzed and a general discussion of applicability, in both narrative and tabular form. Section 5.0 summarizes the study and presents the recommendations for future consideration.

Authors:
Rossano,A. T., Lamb,Donna V., Badgley,Franklin

Keywords:
air quality, Alternative, carbon monoxide, Concentrations, condition, construction, cost, data, design, environment, highway, highway construction, Highways, hydrocarbons, impact, model, modeling, models, nitrogen, particulate matter, Pollutants, quality, research, state-of-the-art, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The objectives of this research are two-fold: 1) to identify characteristics of recreational trips, and 2) to identify factors influencing the distribution of recreational trips. Characteristics of recreational trips have been identified on the basis of data collected from different state agencies in the State of Washington. Seven recreational trip purposes which are characteristic for the State of Washington have been identified in this study: 1) camping trips, 2) hunting trips 3) fishing trips, 4) visiting beaches and clamming, 5) snow skiing, 6) driving for pleasure and sightseeing, and 7) others.The analysis has been performed basically for the spatial and temporal distribution of recreational trips. Spatial distribution relates to the location of the recreational opportunities which can clearly be distinct for each of the trip purposes and is further characterized by the trip-length frequency connected with each of these trip purposes. Temporal distribution is related primarily to the seasons within which the activity corresponding to the trip purpose can be pursued.A further reason for classifying recreational trips into these seven purposes is the difference in travel behavior that can be observed in connection with trip purposes. For example, hunting, fishing, and snow skiing are trips with a distinct destination, and the trip maker tends to select the shortest route to his destination in order to minimize the travel time. Travel to the trip destination is not, therefore, an essential part of the recreation experience. On the other hand, driving for pleasure and sightseeing creates different travel behavior.

Authors:
Leonhardt,K.

Keywords:
agencies, analysis, behavior, data, objectives, recreation, Recreational travel, research, season, snow, travel, travel behavior, travel patterns, travel time, trip length, Washington, Washington state

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